Key Concept: Resources and Utility

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, anything that can be used to satisfy a need is a resource. A beautiful landscape satisfies human needs by providing aesthetic pleasure, making it a resource. The assertion is true. Additionally, utility or usability is indeed what makes an object or substance a resource, which aligns with the reason. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource because it is unlimited and not affected by human activities. This is true because solar energy is derived from the sun, which is an inexhaustible source of energy, and its availability is not influenced by human actions. The reason explains that renewable resources are those that get renewed or replenished quickly and are unaffected by human activities. This is also true because renewable resources like solar energy, wind energy, etc., are naturally replenished and their existence is independent of human intervention. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why solar energy is a renewable resource, as it aligns with the definition provided in the syllabus. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Basic Concept

c) Wind energy

[Solution Description] Renewable resources are those that can be replenished naturally over time. Wind energy is a renewable resource as it is continuously available and does not deplete.

Key Concept: Utility as a Resource

d) Its utility or usability

[Solution Description]

For an object or substance to be considered a resource, it must have utility or usability. This means it can be used to fulfill a need, such as water for drinking or electricity for powering devices.

Key Concept: Definition of Resource

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Water is a resource because it has utility and can be used to satisfy the human need for hydration, cleanliness, and other purposes. The definition of a resource, as given in the syllabus, is anything that can be used to satisfy a need. Since water fulfills these criteria, both the Assertion and Reason are true. Additionally, the Reason correctly explains why water is considered a resource.

Key Concept: Utility and Value of Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that a beautiful landscape can be considered a resource even if it does not have economic value. According to the syllabus, anything that can be used to satisfy a need is a resource, and utility or usability makes an object or substance a resource. The reason explains that utility or usability is what makes something a resource, irrespective of its economic value. Since a beautiful landscape satisfies human needs (e.g., aesthetic pleasure) and has utility, it qualifies as a resource, even without economic value. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Value of Resources

c) Its use or utility

[Solution Description]

The use or utility of a resource gives it value. All resources have some value, whether economic or non-economic.

Key Concept: Utility of Resources

c) Its utility

[Solution Description]

Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. Without utility, an object cannot be considered a resource.

Key Concept: Resources and Utility

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that a beautiful landscape is a resource because it satisfies human needs. This is true as resources are defined by their ability to satisfy needs, even if they do not have economic value. The reason states that anything with utility or usability becomes a resource. This is also true and directly explains why the beautiful landscape is considered a resource. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Utility and Value of Resources

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that all resources have economic value, which is not entirely true. According to the syllabus, while some resources have economic value (like metals), others may not (like a beautiful landscape). However, both types of resources are important as they satisfy human needs. The reason states that the utility or usability of a resource gives it its value, which is accurate. Utility or usability is indeed what makes an object or substance a resource. Therefore, the assertion is false because not all resources have economic value, but the reason is true because utility does give a resource its value.

Key Concept: Natural Resources, Utility

d) Utility

[Solution Description]

The utility of a resource is what makes it valuable. In this case, the solar energy was already present as a natural resource, but its utility was realized only after technological advancements allowed it to be converted into electricity. This transformation highlights the importance of utility in making something a resource.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Value

c) Economic value

[Solution Description]

Coal is a non-renewable resource with established economic value due to existing infrastructure and demand. Solar energy, although renewable, may lack the necessary infrastructure or immediate economic benefits, leading to its underutilization. Thus, the economic value of coal drives its higher usage.

Key Concept: Utility

c) Its utility or usability

[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. This means that anything that can be used to satisfy a need is considered a resource.

Key Concept: Utility, Resource Definition

c) If it can be used to satisfy a human need.

[Solution Description]

For the mineral to be considered a resource, it must have utility, meaning it must be able to satisfy a human need. In this case, the mineral's potential applications in renewable energy technologies provide it with utility. Therefore, if the mineral can be used effectively in these technologies, it becomes a resource.

Key Concept: Resource Definition

b) Anything that can be used to satisfy a need

[Solution Description] As per the syllabus, a resource is anything that can be used to satisfy a need. This definition emphasizes the utility of the object or substance.

Key Concept: Introduction to Resources: Value

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that all resources have some value because their use or utility gives them worth. This is true as the syllabus mentions that things become resources only when they have a value, and their use or utility gives them value. The reason states that some resources may not have economic value initially but can gain it over time through processes like patenting. This is also true, as the syllabus explains that some resources, like grandmother’s home remedies, may have no commercial value today but could become economically valuable if patented and sold by a medical firm. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why the assertion is true, as it provides an example of how resources that lack initial economic value can still have worth and gain economic value over time.

Key Concept: Value: Resources can gain economic worth over time

b) If they are patented and sold commercially

[Solution Description]

Grandmother’s home remedies could gain economic value if they are patented and sold by a medical firm. Patents give exclusive rights over an idea or invention, which can turn something previously without economic value into a resource with significant economic worth. This demonstrates how resources can gain economic value over time.

Key Concept: Economic Value, Utility

c) A local herbal remedy is patented and marketed by a pharmaceutical company.

[Solution Description]

A resource gains economic value when its utility or demand increases, often due to commercialization or innovation. For example, traditional home remedies may not have commercial value initially, but if patented and sold by a medical firm, they can become economically valuable. This transformation occurs because the resource is now marketed and recognized for its utility in a commercial context.

Key Concept: Time and Technology: Two important factors that can turn substances into resources

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the discovery of fire led to the practice of cooking, which is true as fire was indeed a significant factor in the development of cooking methods. The reason states that the invention of the wheel resulted in the development of newer modes of transport, which is also true, as the wheel played a crucial role in the evolution of transportation. However, the reason does not explain why the discovery of fire led to cooking. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Resource

b) They possess the ability to innovate and create

[Solution Description]

People are the most important resource because their ideas, knowledge, inventions, and discoveries lead to the creation and better utilization of other resources. For instance, the discovery of fire and the invention of the wheel were pivotal in shaping human civilization and turning natural substances into valuable resources.

Key Concept: Time and Technology, Resource Creation

c) Technology helped in creating tools and methods to control and utilize fire for cooking.

[Solution Description] The discovery of fire initially provided heat and light, but it was human ingenuity and technological advancements that transformed it into a resource for cooking. This involved developing tools and methods to control and utilize fire effectively. Thus, technology was essential in converting fire from a natural phenomenon into a practical resource.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

c) Solar energy

[Solution Description] Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly. Solar energy, wind energy, and water are examples of renewable resources. Coal and natural gas are non-renewable resources.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Air

[Solution Description]

Natural resources are those that are drawn from nature and used without much modification. Examples include air, water, soil, and minerals.

Key Concept: Human Made Resources

c) Bridge

[Solution Description]

Human made resources are created by modifying natural substances. Examples include buildings, bridges, roads, machinery, and vehicles.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

b) Renewable resource

[Solution Description] Water is generally classified as a renewable resource because it gets replenished through the water cycle. However, careless use can lead to shortages in certain regions.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that solar energy is a non-renewable resource, but this is incorrect because solar energy is a renewable resource as it gets replenished naturally and quickly. The reason states that non-renewable resources have a limited stock, which is true. Therefore, the assertion is false, and the reason is true.

Key Concept: Non-Renewable Resources

d) Coal

[Solution Description] Non-renewable resources have a limited stock and take thousands of years to renew. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are examples of non-renewable resources. Among the options, coal is a non-renewable resource.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource because it is replenished naturally within a short span of time. This is correct as solar energy is derived from the sun, which is an inexhaustible source of energy on a human timescale. The reason provided is that renewable resources can be used indefinitely without the risk of depletion. However, while renewable resources can be replenished, their availability can still be affected by overuse or mismanagement (e.g., deforestation affects the renewal rate of forests). Therefore, the assertion is true, but the reason is false as it oversimplifies the concept of renewable resources.

Key Concept: Categories of Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource, which is true because renewable resources are those that get replenished quickly or are unlimited. The reason given is that solar energy is renewed continuously by the sun and is not depleted by human use. This is also true and correctly explains why solar energy is renewable. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-renewable Resources

a) Resource A, as it is renewable and ensures long-term sustainability

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources like Resource A are replenished quickly and can be used sustainably over the long term. Non-renewable resources like Resource B have limited stocks and take thousands of years to replenish, making them unsustainable for long-term use. Therefore, the company should prioritize Resource A for sustainable extraction.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

c) They can be replenished naturally in a short period of time

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly. Some of these, like solar and wind energy, are unlimited and not affected by human activities. However, others like water, soil, and forests can be affected by careless use. The statement that accurately describes this concept is: "Renewable resources can be replenished naturally in a short period of time."

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

c) It can be replenished through the water cycle.

[Solution Description]

Water is generally considered a renewable resource because it gets replenished through the water cycle. However, if not managed carefully, overuse and pollution can lead to shortages, making it appear non-renewable in certain regions.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources, Solar Energy

b) 1,200 kWh

[Solution Description]

Initially, the solar panel generates 500 kWh per month. With a 20\% increase in efficiency, the new monthly generation is $500 \text{ kWh} \times 1.20 = 600 \text{ kWh}$. The additional electricity generated per month is $600 \text{ kWh} - 500 \text{ kWh} = 100 \text{ kWh}$. Over a year, the additional electricity generated is $100 \text{ kWh/month} \times 12 \text{ months} = 1,200 \text{ kWh}$.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

c) Water

[Solution Description]

Natural resources are drawn from Nature and used without much modification. Water is a natural resource as it is found in rivers, lakes, and other natural sources.

Key Concept: Impact on Renewable Resources

b) Shortage and drying up of natural water sources

[Solution Description]

Careless use of renewable resources like water can lead to their depletion. A major problem caused by this is the shortage and drying up of natural water sources, which is prevalent in many parts of the world today.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

c) Mining coal from underground deposits

[Solution Description]

Non-renewable resources are those which have a limited stock and take thousands of years to replenish, making them exhaustible within human life spans. The scenario that best illustrates this is the extraction of coal from mines, as coal is a non-renewable resource that cannot be replenished in a short time frame.

Key Concept: Soil erosion

c) Reduction in soil fertility

[Solution Description]

Soil erosion removes the top layer of soil, which is rich in nutrients necessary for plant growth. This reduces the fertility of the land, making it difficult to grow crops and sustain agricultural productivity.

Key Concept: Soil Erosion

c) Overgrazing by cattle

[Solution Description] Careless use of renewable resources like soil can lead to soil erosion, which is mentioned in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Overuse of water, Deforestation, Soil erosion

c) Depletion of groundwater levels

[Solution Description]

Overusing water resources in arid regions leads to the depletion of groundwater levels, which can cause water scarcity and affect ecosystems that depend on these water sources. This also disrupts agricultural activities and reduces the availability of drinking water for local populations.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

d) Thousands of years

[Solution Description] Non-renewable resources, such as coal and petroleum, take thousands of years to form naturally, which is much longer than human life spans, making them non-renewable in practical terms.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Coal is a non-renewable resource because it has a limited stock, and once exhausted, it takes thousands of years to renew. The reason correctly explains why coal is classified as a non-renewable resource. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

c) Sustainable development

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development refers to balancing the use of resources with their conservation for future generations.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

c) Solar energy

[Solution Description]

Non-renewable resources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which take thousands of years to form. On the other hand, solar energy is a renewable resource as it is continuously available and does not get depleted with use.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that coal is a non-renewable resource, which is correct as per the syllabus. Non-renewable resources are those with a limited stock that take thousands of years to replenish. The reason provided also correctly explains why coal is considered non-renewable: it takes thousands of years to form and has a limited stock. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Stock of Resource

b) The total amount of resources available for use

[Solution Description]

The 'stock of a resource' refers to the total amount of resources available for use. It does not refer to the rate at which it is used or its economic value.

Key Concept: Unequal Distribution of Resources

b) Because of varying physical factors

[Solution Description]

The distribution of resources is unequal because physical factors such as terrain, climate, and altitude vary greatly over the Earth.

Key Concept: Impact of Altitude on Resource Distribution

d) Different altitudes support different types of resources

[Solution Description]

Altitude affects temperature, pressure, and soil composition, which in turn influence the type of vegetation and resources available. Higher altitudes often support different ecosystems and resources compared to lower altitudes.

Key Concept: Distribution of Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the distribution of natural resources is unequal across the Earth, which is a factual statement supported by geographical studies. The reason provided is that physical factors like terrain, climate, and altitude vary significantly over different regions. This variation in physical factors directly influences the distribution of natural resources, as stated in the syllabus. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Types of Resources

c) Forests

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources like water, soil, and forests can be replenished quickly. However, careless use of these resources, such as overuse or pollution, can deplete their availability. Forests, for instance, can be cut down faster than they can regrow, leading to deforestation.

Key Concept: Non-Renewable Resources, Terrain

a) Flat terrains reduce the cost of mining operations

[Solution Description] The terrain significantly impacts the extraction of non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and minerals. Rocky and mountainous terrains make mining operations challenging and costly, whereas flat terrains facilitate easier access and extraction. Additionally, the presence of water bodies or dense forests can complicate extraction processes due to environmental and logistical constraints.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

c) Water

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources like water, soil, and forests can be affected by human activities. Careless use of these resources can lead to their depletion or degradation. Among the options, water is a renewable resource that is often affected by overuse and pollution.

Key Concept: Unequal Distribution of Resources

c) Terrain and climate

[Solution Description] The distribution of natural resources is influenced by physical factors such as terrain, climate, and altitude. These factors vary significantly across different regions of the Earth, leading to an unequal distribution of resources.

Key Concept: Human-Made Resources, Technology

b) It is created by humans using knowledge and skills to improve processes or products.

[Solution Description]

Technology is defined as the application of the latest knowledge and skills in doing or making things. It is created by humans to enhance the utility of natural resources or to develop new processes and products. Since technology is developed through human innovation, it is classified as a human-made resource.

Key Concept: Technology as a Human-Made Resource

b) It is created through the application of knowledge and skills

[Solution Description] Technology is a human-made resource as it involves the application of knowledge and skills to create tools, machines, and systems that enhance productivity and efficiency. It is not a natural resource but rather something developed by humans to improve their capabilities.

Key Concept: Human Made Resources

b) Knowledge and technology

[Solution Description]

Iron ore becomes a resource only when humans extract iron from it using technology, which then can be used to create various human-made products like machinery and vehicles.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Iron ore

[Solution Description]

Natural resources are resources that are drawn from Nature and used without much modification. Examples include air, water, soil, and minerals.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

b) Human Resource Development

[Solution Description]

Human resource development refers to improving the quality of people’s skills so that they are able to create more resources. This involves education, health, and skill enhancement.

Key Concept: Non-Commercial Resources

c) Affection from friends and family

[Solution Description]

From Amma's list, resources like "Affection from friends and family" and "Old folk songs" are examples of resources that hold personal or cultural value but do not have commercial value. These resources are not traded or sold in markets, making them non-commercial.

Key Concept: Human Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that human beings are special resources because they use knowledge and skills to create more resources. This is true according to the syllabus, which emphasizes that people with knowledge, skill, and technology can make the best use of nature to create more resources. The reason states that education and health improve the quality of human skills, making them valuable resources. This is also true as the syllabus mentions that education and health help in making people a valuable resource. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion because improving skills through education and health enhances the ability of humans to create resources. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Discovery and Invention

c) It highlights how human ideas can transform raw materials into valuable resources

[Solution Description]

The discovery of fire led to significant advancements such as cooking and other processes. This demonstrates how human ideas can transform raw materials into valuable resources. Similarly, inventions like the wheel have led to the development of newer modes of transport, further showcasing the impact of human innovation on resource creation.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that education and health are essential for transforming people into valuable resources. This is true because education and health enhance the knowledge, skills, and abilities of individuals, making them more productive. The reason states that education and health improve the skills and abilities of individuals, enabling them to create more resources. This is also true as it directly explains how education and health contribute to making people a valuable resource. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

d) Human resource development

[Solution Description]

Human resource development is defined as the process of improving the quality of people’s skills so that they are able to create more resources.

Key Concept: Role of Technology in Human Resources

c) It helps in transferring physical material into valuable resources.

[Solution Description]

Technology refers to the application of the latest knowledge and skills in doing or making things. It plays a crucial role in enhancing human resources by enabling people to utilize their skills effectively and create more resources efficiently. This improvement in efficiency and productivity is a key aspect of human resource development.

Key Concept: Human Resources, Education, Technology

c) Integrating advanced technological tools into the educational system

[Solution Description]

To improve human resource development, a country should focus on enhancing both education and technology. Education improves knowledge and skills, while technology helps in applying that knowledge effectively. The best strategy would be to integrate advanced technological tools into the educational system, ensuring that people are not only educated but also skilled in using modern technologies.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development, Health and Productivity

c) Enhanced human resource development

[Solution Description]

Investing in health and education improves the quality of human resources. Healthy individuals are more productive as they can work efficiently without frequent health-related absences. Education enhances skills and knowledge, enabling people to create more resources effectively. Thus, the combination of health and education directly contributes to increased productivity.

Key Concept: Health and Productivity

c) By improving energy and focus

[Solution Description]

Good health improves productivity and efficiency by enabling individuals to perform better in their tasks. Healthy individuals have more energy, fewer sick days, and can focus better on their work, leading to increased output and efficiency.

Key Concept: Human Resources

c) Education and health

[Solution Description]

Education and health are crucial factors that help in making people a valuable resource. They enhance the knowledge and skills of individuals, enabling them to contribute effectively to resource creation.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that human beings are a special resource because they can use their knowledge, skills, and technology to turn physical materials into valuable resources. This is true as per the syllabus, which emphasizes that people can make the best use of nature when they have the necessary skills and technology. The reason states that education and health improve the quality of people’s skills, enabling them to create more resources. This is also true as the syllabus mentions that education and health help in making people a valuable resource. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because it highlights how education and health enhance human abilities, which in turn allows them to create more resources.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that human resource development is essential for improving the quality of people's skills, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason states that education and health are key factors that help in making people a valuable resource, which is also true. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why human resource development is essential, as education and health are directly linked to improving skills and making people more resourceful. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Resource Definition

b) They possess knowledge, skill, and technology

[Solution Description] Human beings are considered a special resource because they have the knowledge, skill, and technology to make the best use of nature to create more resources. Their abilities enable them to transform physical materials into valuable resources.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that sustainable development ensures resources are used responsibly to meet current needs without jeopardizing future generations' ability to meet theirs. This is true as sustainable development focuses on long-term resource management. The reason states that sustainable development aims to balance economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, which is also true since these are the three pillars of sustainable development. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because balancing these three aspects inherently ensures that resources are used sustainably.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

c) They can become scarce if not managed properly

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources, such as water and trees, can be replenished naturally over time. However, if these resources are overused or mismanaged, they can become scarce and may not be available for future use. Therefore, conserving renewable resources ensures their availability for future generations.

Key Concept: Importance of Resource Conservation

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that sustainable development ensures resources are used responsibly to benefit both current and future generations. This is true because sustainable development focuses on balancing resource use with conservation. The reason explains that sustainable development involves this balance, which directly supports the assertion. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation, Sustainable Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development is defined as the careful utilization of resources to meet current needs while ensuring that future generations can also meet theirs. This involves practices like reducing consumption, recycling, and reusing materials to conserve resources. The assertion states that sustainable development ensures resources are used responsibly for both present and future needs, which is true according to the syllabus. The reason explains that sustainable development balances resource use with conservation practices to maintain the earth’s vitality and diversity, which is also true and directly supports the assertion. Therefore, the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

c) Recycling and reusing

[Solution Description]

Conserving resources involves reducing consumption, recycling, and reusing materials. This helps in minimizing waste and ensuring that resources are available for future generations.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

c) To balance resource use and conservation

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development aims to balance the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future. It ensures that the use of renewable resources is sustainable, the diversity of life on earth is conserved, and the damage to natural environmental systems is minimized.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

c) Balancing resource use with conservation for the future

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being. This approach ensures that resources are used responsibly and conserved for future use.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

b) Recycling and reusing materials

[Solution Description]

Individuals can contribute to resource conservation by reducing consumption, recycling materials, and reusing items whenever possible. These actions help minimize waste and reduce the depletion of natural resources, ensuring their availability for future generations.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Minimizing Environmental Damage

b) Use agroforestry techniques to integrate trees and crops, maintaining biodiversity.

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development in agriculture involves practices that minimize environmental damage and conserve biodiversity. Agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes, helps maintain ecological balance and supports long-term sustainability.

Key Concept: Conservation of Resources

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that renewable resources can become scarce if not managed properly, which is true as overexploitation can lead to depletion even of renewable resources like water and forests. The reason mentions that sustainable development ensures renewable resources are used at a rate that allows them to replenish, which is also true. However, the reason does not directly explain why renewable resources can become scarce; it only provides a solution to prevent scarcity. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Deforestation

c) Many trees are cut down to make paper

[Solution Description]

Many trees are cut down to make paper. By being careful not to waste paper, we can help reduce deforestation and conserve forests, which are crucial for maintaining ecological balance.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

c) Making packets from old newspapers and discarded clothes

[Solution Description]

Resource conservation involves reducing consumption, recycling, and reusing things. Making shopping bags from old newspapers and discarded clothes is an example of reusing materials to reduce waste and conserve resources.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation, Community Involvement

b) Enable communities to care for their own environment

[Solution Description] This initiative aligns with the principle of "Enable communities to care for their own environment" as it empowers the community to take collective action towards conserving resources. By educating others, the students are fostering a sense of responsibility and collective effort in resource conservation.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that recycling paper helps in conserving trees, which is true because recycling reduces the demand for new paper production. The reason given is that trees are cut down to produce paper, and recycling reduces the need for cutting more trees. This reason correctly explains why recycling paper conserves trees. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Resource Conservation

b) Implementing a comprehensive recycling and composting program

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development focuses on balancing current resource use with future needs, minimizing depletion of natural resources, and improving environmental quality. The most effective strategy would involve reducing, reusing, and recycling waste to minimize landfill use and conserve resources. This aligns with the principles of sustainable development by ensuring long-term environmental health and resource availability.

Key Concept: Principles of Sustainable Development

b) Improving the quality of human life

[Solution Description]

One of the principles of sustainable development is to improve the quality of human life. This involves ensuring that human needs are met in a way that does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Key Concept: Principles of Sustainable Development

b) Improve the quality of human life

[Solution Description] One of the principles of sustainable development is to improve the quality of human life. This involves ensuring that people have access to basic needs and resources while maintaining the environment.

Key Concept: Principles of Sustainable Development

b) To ensure resources are available for future generations

[Solution Description]

The primary goal of sustainable development is to carefully utilize resources so that they can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involves balancing resource use and conservation, ensuring long-term environmental health, and improving human quality of life.

Key Concept: Conservation of Resources, Sustainable Development, Respect and care for all life forms

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that conserving biodiversity is essential for maintaining the earth’s life support system. This is true because biodiversity plays a critical role in ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling, pollination, and climate regulation. The reason explains that biodiversity ensures the stability and resilience of ecosystems, which is indeed a fundamental aspect of how ecosystems sustain life on earth. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Diversity of Life, Minimizing Environmental Damage

b) Relocate the expansion project to a different area away from the wetland

[Solution Description]

Wetlands are critical ecosystems that support diverse life forms, including endangered species. Expanding factory operations near such an area could lead to habitat destruction, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. To respect and care for all life forms, the company should avoid disrupting the wetland ecosystem by relocating the expansion project to a less sensitive area or implementing measures to prevent pollution and habitat degradation.

Key Concept: Conserving Resources, Sustainable Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] Assertion states that sustainable development improves the quality of human life while conserving resources for future generations, which aligns with the syllabus principles. Reason explains that sustainable development achieves this by balancing resource use and conservation, maintaining the earth’s vitality, and minimizing resource depletion, which is a correct explanation of the assertion. Therefore, both statements are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

c) Balancing resource use and conservation for future generations

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development aims to balance the need to use resources with the necessity of conserving them for future generations. It ensures that current needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involves careful utilization of resources, reducing waste, and promoting recycling and reuse.

Key Concept: Conservation of Biodiversity

b) Protecting natural habitats and wildlife

[Solution Description]

Conserving biodiversity involves protecting various species and their habitats. Communities can contribute by adopting practices that minimize harm to ecosystems and promote the preservation of diverse life forms.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Resource Conservation

c) Establishing community-based recycling centers and educating residents on waste segregation

[Solution Description]

To align with the principles of sustainable development and resource conservation, the strategy should focus on minimizing waste, promoting recycling, and reducing the depletion of natural resources. The best strategy would be one that encourages community participation in recycling programs, reduces waste generation, and promotes the reuse of materials.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

c) Planting trees to restore green cover

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development involves using resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It includes practices like resource conservation, recycling, and minimizing waste. Among the options, planting trees is the practice that directly contributes to sustainability by replenishing natural resources.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

c) Balancing resource use and conservation

[Solution Description] Sustainable development involves using resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It focuses on balancing resource use with conservation.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

c) Fixing leaking faucets and pipes promptly.

[Solution Description]

Water conservation can be achieved by reducing water usage and avoiding wastage. Fixing leaks and installing water-saving fixtures are practical steps individuals can take to conserve water at home.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

b) To meet the needs of the present and future generations

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development aims to utilize resources carefully so that they meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involves balancing resource use with conservation.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

d) Minimise the depletion of natural resources

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development principles aim to ensure that the use of resources does not exceed their renewal rates. Minimizing the depletion of natural resources is one of these key principles, ensuring long-term availability for future generations.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Resource Conservation

a) Reducing consumption and recycling materials

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development involves balancing the use of resources while conserving them for future generations. The practice that best exemplifies this is reducing consumption and recycling, as it minimizes depletion and promotes renewal.