Key Concept: Constitutive Rules, Football

c) It is considered a foul and play is stopped

[Solution Description]

According to the constitutive rules of football, if the ball touches the arm of any player (except the goalkeeper), it is considered a foul. This rule is fundamental to the game as it helps distinguish football from other games.

Key Concept: Role of Constitution in Democracy

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on specific grounds, which is true as per the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution. The reason provided is that the Right to Equality is one of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This is also true. The Reason correctly explains the Assertion because the Right to Equality explicitly prohibits discrimination on the grounds mentioned in the Assertion. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Constitutive Rules, Indian Constitution

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion compares the Indian Constitution to the constitutive rules of a game like football, emphasizing that both define the fundamental principles and structure of their respective systems. This is accurate because the Constitution lays down the basic framework for governance, rights, and duties in India, just as the rules of football define how the game is played. The reason states that just as breaking the rules of football changes the nature of the game, amending the Indian Constitution can alter the fundamental nature of the country. This is also true, as significant amendments to the Constitution can lead to changes in the political, social, or legal fabric of the nation. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion by highlighting the parallel between the two systems in terms of the impact of altering foundational rules. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Definition of a Constitution

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the Indian Constitution defines the fundamental nature of Indian society, which is true as it outlines the ideals and principles that form the basis of the country. The reason explains that a Constitution serves as a set of rules and principles agreed upon for governance, which is also true. However, the reason does not directly explain why the Indian Constitution specifically lays down the fundamental nature of Indian society. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Constitutive Rules of Society and Constitution

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion is true because the Indian Constitution indeed lays down the fundamental rules that govern the functioning of democracy in India. It provides the framework for governance, rights, and duties of citizens, and the structure of various institutions. The reason is also true as the Constitution ensures equality and participation in governance, which are core principles of democracy. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why the Constitution is crucial for democracy, making it the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly

c) The Constituent Assembly

[Solution Description] The Constituent Assembly, consisting of around 300 members, was responsible for drafting the Indian Constitution from 1946 to 1949.

Key Concept: Constitutive Rules, Constitution

c) To define and differentiate the nature of the system

[Solution Description] Constitutive rules are fundamental to defining the nature of a game or society. For games, these rules distinguish one game from another, such as football, hockey, or cricket. Similarly, in society, constitutive rules help define the structure and functioning of that society. These rules are often formulated through consensus and are documented in written form, such as a Constitution. Therefore, the primary function of constitutive rules is to define and differentiate the nature of the system they govern.

Key Concept: Constitutional Safeguards

b) To protect citizens' rights from being violated by temporary emotions

[Solution Description]

The Constitution ensures that the fundamental rights of citizens are protected and not easily overridden by temporary emotions or whims. It acts as a safeguard against decisions that might harm the larger principles of democracy and justice. This is crucial to maintain stability, protect freedoms, and ensure long-term interests of the people.

Key Concept: Constitutional Amendments

b) A change in the fundamental nature of the country

[Solution Description] A major change in the Constitution often signifies a change in the fundamental nature of the country. This can happen when the polity adopts new ideals or shifts its governing principles significantly. For instance, Nepal adopted a new Constitution after transitioning to democracy, reflecting a fundamental change in its societal and political values. Constitutional amendments are thus crucial in adapting to new concerns and aspirations of the polity.

Key Concept: Constitution, Fundamental Duties

d) The Constitution establishes national ideals, and Fundamental Duties ensure citizens uphold these ideals.

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution sets the principles and goals that the nation aspires to achieve, while Fundamental Duties are responsibilities assigned to citizens to uphold these ideals. Together, they ensure that citizens actively contribute to maintaining the democratic fabric and values enshrined in the Constitution.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Separation of Powers

c) By protecting individual liberties and freedoms

[Solution Description]

Fundamental Rights are enshrined in the Indian Constitution to protect the liberties and freedoms of individuals from arbitrary actions by the government. These rights ensure that every citizen has access to justice, equality, and freedom of expression, among others. By incorporating these rights, the Constitution places limitations on the power of the government, preventing it from infringing upon the basic rights of citizens. This separation of powers ensures a system of checks and balances, where each branch of government operates within its defined limits, safeguarding democracy.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

b) Fundamental Rights

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution includes Fundamental Rights, which are designed to protect citizens from the misuse of authority by political leaders and ensure their freedoms and rights are safeguarded.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Minority Protection

b) They provide a mechanism for minority communities to claim their rights and ensure these rights are enforceable

[Solution Description]

Fundamental Rights serve as a safeguard against the misuse of State power and protect individuals against both the State and other individuals. They specifically include provisions that protect the rights of minority communities, ensuring that these rights are binding on all authorities with the power to make laws.

Key Concept: Stability and Continuity

c) By safeguarding against arbitrary changes in government structure

[Solution Description]

The Constitution ensures stability and continuity by safeguarding against arbitrary changes in government structure. It does not allow for the easy overthrow of provisions that protect citizens' rights and freedoms, ensuring long-term stability.

Key Concept: People's Movement

c) The restoration of the Third Parliament in 2006

[Solution Description]

The event that marked the beginning of the end of the monarchy in Nepal was the people's movement in 2006. This movement gained immense force and repeatedly refused the small concessions made by the King. In April 2006, the King restored the Third Parliament and asked the political parties to form a government, leading to the eventual abolition of the monarchy in 2008.

Key Concept: Transition from monarchy to democracy

c) To establish Nepal as a democracy

[Solution Description]

The people of Nepal fought for several decades to establish democracy. In 2006, they succeeded in ending the powers of the King. The previous Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 1990, reflected the authority of the King. To establish Nepal as a democracy, a new Constitution was necessary because the old one did not reflect the ideals of the country that the people wanted and had fought for. Therefore, the correct answer is: To establish Nepal as a democracy.

Key Concept: Purpose of a Constitution

b) To define the nature of the political system

[Solution Description]

One important purpose of a Constitution, as seen in Nepal's case, is to define the nature of a country’s political system. The 2015 Constitution of Nepal reflects its democratic values by ensuring that executive power is vested in the Council of Ministers rather than the King, thus defining Nepal as a democracy.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly

b) December 1946

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly was convened in December 1946 to draft the Indian Constitution.

Key Concept: Historical Context

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion is true because the Indian Constitution was indeed influenced by the anti-colonial struggle, which aimed to establish a democratic and sovereign nation. The reason is also true as the struggle for independence laid the foundation for the democratic values and principles that are reflected in the Constitution. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion by linking the influence of the anti-colonial struggle to the democratic ideals in the Constitution.

Key Concept: Demand for a Constitution during the freedom struggle

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that the Indian National Congress demanded a Constituent Assembly in 1934, which is historically accurate as the INC indeed made this demand during that period. The Reason explains that this demand was driven by the need to establish a democratic government where everyone could participate equally. This reason is also true, as the freedom struggle aimed at creating a democratic system post-independence. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why the assertion was made, as the ultimate goal of demanding a Constituent Assembly was to draft a constitution for a democratic India. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Key Concept: Challenges during Constitution Drafting

b) Imminent partition of the country into India and Pakistan

[Solution Description] While drafting the Constitution, the members of the Constituent Assembly faced several challenges, including the imminent partition of the country into India and Pakistan, the undecided future of some Princely States, and the dismal socio-economic conditions of the people.

Key Concept: Socio-Economic Reforms, Constitutional Vision

b) Eradicating poverty through socio-economic reforms

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly envisioned the Constitution as a tool for socio-economic reforms to eradicate poverty and improve the living conditions of the masses. This vision is reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy and other provisions.

Key Concept: Influence of India’s struggle for independence

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian National Congress demanded a Constituent Assembly in 1934 to shape the destiny of an independent India. This is true, as the Congress indeed made this demand with the aim of drafting a constitution for an independent India. The reason mentions that the demand for a Constituent Assembly gained momentum during the Second World War as Indians sought to create their own constitution. This is also true, as the demand became more prominent during this period due to the desire for self-governance. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why the demand for a Constituent Assembly was made, as it was directly linked to the goal of creating a constitution for an independent India.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly Timeline

b) 1946

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly was convened in December 1946 to draft the Constitution for independent India, which was completed by November 1949.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly Membership

c) 300

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly of India, which was responsible for drafting the Indian Constitution, consisted of around 300 members representing diverse regions and communities. These members met periodically from 1946 to 1949 to finalize the Constitution.

Key Concept: Consensus Building

b) Through detailed discussions and consensus

[Solution Description]

The members of the Constituent Assembly approached the task of drafting the Constitution through detailed discussions and a sincere effort to reach agreements by consensus. They worked together to compromise and resolve differences to achieve unity in the process.

Key Concept: Democratic Principles, Socio-Economic Reform

c) To address widespread poverty and promote equality.

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly emphasized socio-economic reforms because India was facing significant poverty and inequality at the time of independence. The leaders recognized that merely granting political freedom would not suffice unless economic disparities were addressed. By incorporating socio-economic reforms into the Constitution, they aimed to create a more equitable society where every citizen had access to basic necessities and opportunities for growth.

Key Concept: Key Personalities

b) Dr Rajendra Prasad

[Solution Description] Dr Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly.

Key Concept: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Father of the Indian Constitution

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that Dr. B.R. Ambedkar believed his participation in the Constituent Assembly helped Scheduled Castes secure safeguards in the draft constitution. This is true as he actively worked towards ensuring constitutional protections for marginalized communities. The reason given is that he urged Scheduled Castes to join the government and civil services because he feared that caste Hindu officers might not administer laws fairly. This is also true, as Dr. Ambedkar was concerned about the impartiality of law enforcement by caste Hindu officers. However, the reason does not directly explain why his participation led to safeguards in the constitution; it explains a separate concern about administration. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Concepts: Jawaharlal Nehru's role

c) Jawaharlal Nehru

[Solution Description] Jawaharlal Nehru served as the first Prime Minister of independent India and played a prominent role in the drafting of the Indian Constitution.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was indeed a key figure in the Constituent Assembly and played a significant role in national integration. His efforts to persuade princely states to join the Indian Union were crucial for maintaining the country's unity. The assertion correctly highlights his role in national integration, and the reason accurately explains how he achieved this by integrating princely states. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Patel’s Legacy in the Indian Constitution

b) The establishment of a federal system with strong central authority

[Solution Description]

One of Sardar Patel's major contributions was his insistence on a strong, unified India, which is reflected in the constitutional provisions that promote national integrity and prevent secessionist tendencies. His work ensured that the constitution supported a united nation despite its diversity.

Key Concept: Dr. Rajendra Prasad: President of the Constituent Assembly

c) 1946-1950

[Solution Description]

Dr. Rajendra Prasad served as the President of the Constituent Assembly from December 1946 to January 1950. He played a significant role in guiding the discussions and ensuring consensus among the members during the drafting of the Indian Constitution.

Key Concept: Demand for Constituent Assembly

c) Indian National Congress

[Solution Description]

The Indian National Congress made the demand for a Constituent Assembly in 1934, which later led to its formation in December 1946.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties

a) A citizen demands equal pay for equal work under the Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

Dr. Ambedkar emphasized that Fundamental Rights serve two purposes: they allow every citizen to claim their rights and ensure that these rights are binding on all authorities with the power to make laws. This means that Fundamental Rights protect individuals from both state and private entities, ensuring their freedoms are upheld. For example, if a citizen faces discrimination based on caste, they can invoke their Fundamental Right to Equality to seek justice, and this right must be respected by both the government and other individuals.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

b) To protect citizens against misuse of State power

[Solution Description] Fundamental Rights are designed to protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolute exercise of power by the State. They ensure that individuals can claim these rights and that they are binding on all authorities with law-making powers. These rights also safeguard minority communities against the majority, ensuring equality and justice for all citizens.

Key Concept: Federalism

c) To make decisions specific to each state

[Solution Description]

It was important to have another level of government in the states so that decisions could be made for that particular area. This allows for better governance and administration tailored to the needs of each state, rather than having all decisions made centrally from New Delhi.

Key Concept: Federalism

c) State governments enjoy autonomy in certain areas but must follow central laws on national issues

[Solution Description]

In the Indian federal system, state governments enjoy autonomy in exercising powers over certain subjects as specified in the State List of the Constitution. However, on matters of national concern, states are required to follow the laws made by the central government. This division of powers ensures a balance between state autonomy and national unity.

Key Concept: Central Government Authorities

c) President of India

[Solution Description]

According to the Indian Constitution, the President of India has the authority to declare a financial emergency under Article 360. This power is vested in the President as part of the Central Government's responsibilities.

Key Concept: Central Government

c) Prime Minister

[Solution Description]

The Prime Minister is the head of the Central Government in India. He or she is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha and heads the Council of Ministers.

Key Concept: Constitutional Lists

b) The Constitution provides separate lists detailing the legislative powers of the central and state governments.

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution contains lists that detail the issues each tier of government can make laws on. These lists include the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, ensuring a clear division of powers between the central and state governments.

Key Concept: Constitutional Lists

b) State List

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution contains lists that detail the issues each tier of government can make laws on. The State List is specifically for issues that state governments can legislate on.

Key Concept: Accountability of Representatives

c) The People

[Solution Description]

In a parliamentary form of government, the elected representatives are accountable to the people who elect them. This ensures that the representatives work in the interest of the public and can be replaced if they fail to do so.

Key Concept: Parliamentary Form of Government

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Constitution of India guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens. This is true as the Constitution ensures that every citizen, regardless of their social background, has the right to vote. The reason states that universal adult suffrage ensures that every citizen can vote and contest in elections. This is also true because universal adult suffrage allows all eligible citizens to participate in the electoral process, both as voters and candidates. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as the ability to vote and contest in elections is a direct consequence of universal adult suffrage.

Key Concept: Universal Adult Franchise

b) 18 years

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution grants the right to vote to all citizens who are 18 years of age or older. This principle of universal adult franchise ensures that every eligible citizen can participate in the democratic process.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly

b) It was a group of about 300 people who drafted the constitution

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly, consisting of around 300 members, met periodically from 1946 to 1949 to draft the Indian Constitution. They discussed each provision in detail, aimed for consensus, and ensured the principles of democracy and equality were incorporated into the constitution.

Key Concept: Local Governance: Panchayati Raj and Municipalities

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, is aimed at strengthening the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India. It provides for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the PRIs, including financial autonomy. One of its key provisions is the establishment of State Finance Commissions (SFCs), which are mandated to recommend measures to improve the financial position of Panchayats. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Local Governance

d) 73rd Amendment

[Solution Description]

The Panchayati Raj system was formally introduced in India through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. This amendment aimed to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions, ensuring a decentralized form of governance at the grassroots level.

Key Concept: Equal participation in democracy, Parliamentary form of government

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that the Indian Constitution ensures equal participation in democracy through universal adult franchise. This is true because the Constitution guarantees the right to vote to all citizens above the age of 18, ensuring equality in political participation. The Reason explains that universal adult franchise allows every citizen, irrespective of caste, creed, or gender, to vote. This is also true and directly explains why the Assertion is correct. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Universal Adult Franchise, Democratic Principles

c) It granted voting rights to all adults, regardless of social or economic status.

[Solution Description]

The principle of universal adult franchise was revolutionary because it granted every adult citizen, regardless of caste, gender, or economic status, the right to vote. This was a significant departure from colonial practices where only a select few had voting rights. By adopting this principle, the Constituent Assembly demonstrated faith in the common man’s ability to make informed decisions, thereby establishing a truly democratic framework where every individual has an equal voice in shaping the government.

Key Concept: Representation and Accountability

d) The People

[Solution Description]

In a democracy, the elected representatives are accountable to the people who elected them. This accountability ensures that the representatives exercise their power responsibly and work for the welfare of the citizens they represent.

Key Concept: Universal Adult Suffrage

c) To encourage a democratic mindset and break social hierarchies

[Solution Description] The Constitution of India adopted universal adult suffrage to ensure that every citizen, regardless of their social background, has the right to vote. This principle was introduced to encourage a democratic mindset and break traditional caste, class, and gender hierarchies. It reflects faith in the common man and the belief that democracy would promote well-being and decent living standards for all.

Key Concept: Universal Adult Suffrage

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution guarantees universal adult suffrage to all citizens. This is true as the Constitution of India ensures that every citizen has the right to vote, regardless of their social, economic, or educational status. The reason states that universal adult suffrage ensures that every citizen, irrespective of social background, can contest in elections. This is also true because the Constitution allows any eligible citizen to stand for elections. However, the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion. The assertion is about the right to vote, while the reason is about the right to contest elections. Therefore, both are true, but the reason does not explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Citizens Elect Representatives

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution includes mechanisms such as separation of powers, fundamental rights, and the parliamentary form of government to ensure that elected representatives remain accountable to the people. These provisions act as checks and balances to prevent the misuse of authority by leaders. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Universal Adult Suffrage

c) It guarantees the right to vote to all citizens above 18 years

[Solution Description]

Universal adult suffrage ensures that every citizen of India, irrespective of social background, has the right to vote. This principle was adopted to promote democracy and break traditional hierarchies, enabling direct participation of the people in electing their representatives.

Key Concept: Parliamentary Form of Government

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in India, representatives are elected by the people through universal adult suffrage. This is true because the Indian Constitution guarantees universal adult suffrage, allowing all citizens to vote irrespective of their social background. The reason states that the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to equality and prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender, and place of birth. This is also true as it is one of the Fundamental Rights provided by the Indian Constitution. However, the reason does not explain why representatives are elected by the people. It is a separate provision aimed at ensuring equality among citizens. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason does not provide the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers

c) Interpreting laws

[Solution Description]

The judiciary's role in the separation of powers is to interpret laws and ensure that they are applied justly. It acts as a check on the legislature and executive to prevent misuse of power.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers

a) Legislature

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution divides the government into three organs: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. These organs ensure a balance of power by acting as checks on each other.

Key Concept: Structure of Parliament

a) Lok Sabha

[Solution Description]

The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is directly elected by the people of India. The Rajya Sabha, on the other hand, consists of members elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies.

Key Concept: Parliamentary Form of Government, Universal Adult Suffrage

c) Representatives are elected directly by the people

[Solution Description] Universal adult suffrage allows every citizen above the age of 18 to vote, regardless of caste, class, or gender. This ensures that the representatives in the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people, making them accountable to the electorate and reflecting the diverse population of the country.

Key Concept: Council of Ministers

d) The Prime Minister

[Solution Description] In the Indian executive branch, the Council of Ministers is responsible for aiding and advising the President in the exercise of his functions. The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister, who is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament). The Prime Minister plays a crucial role in the governance of the country, ensuring that the administration runs smoothly and that laws are implemented effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is the Prime Minister.

Key Concept: Checks and Balances

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that the Indian Constitution ensures the separation of powers among the three branches of government—legislature, executive, and judiciary—to prevent misuse of power. This is true as the Constitution explicitly divides powers among these organs to ensure accountability. The Reason explains that the separation of powers enables each organ to act as a check on the others, maintaining a balance of power. This is also true because the system of checks and balances is designed to prevent any single branch from becoming too powerful. Furthermore, the Reason correctly explains why the separation of powers exists, as it directly addresses the purpose of this constitutional provision. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers

d) Military

[Solution Description] The three organs of government as per the Indian Constitution are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The military is not considered an organ of government in this context.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers, Misuse of Authority

d) Each organ of government acts as a check on the others to prevent misuse of power.

[Solution Description]

The principle of separation of powers ensures that the three organs of government—legislature, executive, and judiciary—function independently and act as checks on each other. This prevents any one organ from becoming too powerful and misusing its authority. The legislature makes laws, the executive implements them, and the judiciary interprets the laws. This balance ensures that power is not concentrated in one branch, thereby safeguarding democracy.

Key Concept: Right against Exploitation, Right to Equality

c) Right against Exploitation

[Solution Description] The Constitution prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years under the Right against Exploitation. This ensures that children are not subjected to hazardous or exploitative work. Additionally, the Right to Equality ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of age, but in this case, the primary violation is under the Right against Exploitation.

Key Concept: Right to Equality

c) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality is one of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. It ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth.

Key Concept: Right to Equality and Employment

c) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of their sex. Denying promotion to an officer solely because she is a woman is a clear violation of this right.

Key Concept: Constitution's Role

c) To guarantee equal treatment and participation in government for all citizens.

[Solution Description] The members of the Constituent Assembly emphasized equality in the Constitution because they wanted to ensure that everyone in independent India would be treated equally and allowed to participate in government. This was influenced by their experience of authoritarian colonial rule, which denied them equal rights and participation.

Key Concept: Public Access

b) Equal access regardless of caste

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution ensures that all citizens have equal access to public places such as playgrounds, hotels, and shops. This provision is part of the Right to Equality, which aims to eradicate social injustices and promote equality among all citizens.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom, Right to Practise Any Profession

c) Right to practise any profession

[Solution Description]

The Right to Freedom includes the right to practise any profession, occupation, or business. This right ensures that individuals can choose their livelihood freely. Denying permits without a valid reason directly violates this right, as it restricts the individual's ability to engage in their chosen profession.

Key Concept: Freedom of speech and expression, Right to Freedom

d) Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression

[Solution Description]

The right to freedom of speech and expression includes the freedom to express one's views through various mediums, including films. However, this right is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution, such as maintaining public order. If the government bans the movie citing it as a threat to public order, it challenges the balance between the right to freedom of expression and the state's authority to impose restrictions. The filmmaker can argue that the ban infringes upon their fundamental right unless the government can prove that the movie poses a genuine threat to public order.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom, Right to Assemble Peacefully

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The Assertion states that the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to assemble peacefully as part of the Right to Freedom. This is true because Article 19(1)(b) of the Indian Constitution explicitly provides this right. The Reason explains that this right allows citizens to gather for peaceful purposes like protests or discussions without State interference, which ensures democratic participation. This is also true and directly explains why the right to assemble peacefully is essential under the Right to Freedom. Hence, both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom, Legal Restrictions

a) Public order, security, or health

[Solution Description] The Indian State can impose restrictions on the Right to move freely within India under specific circumstances such as maintaining public order, security, or health. These restrictions must be reasonable and imposed by law. The Right to Freedom is enshrined in the Constitution as a Fundamental Right, but it is not absolute and can be limited for valid reasons.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom

c) Right to Practise any Profession

[Solution Description] The Right to Freedom in the Indian Constitution includes several rights, such as the right to freedom of speech and expression, the right to form associations, the right to move freely and reside in any part of the country, and the right to practise any profession, occupation or business. Among these options, the right to practise any profession is explicitly mentioned as a Fundamental Right.

Key Concept: Right Against Exploitation, Employment of Children

b) Right against Exploitation

[Solution Description]

According to Article 24 of the Indian Constitution, no child below the age of 14 years can be employed in any factory, mine, or hazardous employment. Employing a 13-year-old in a carpet manufacturing unit violates the Right against Exploitation.

Key Concept: Right against Exploitation

d) All of the above

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution prohibits human trafficking, forced labour, and employment of children under 14 years of age. These provisions are part of the Fundamental Rights to protect individuals from exploitation.

Key Concept: Right against Exploitation, Child Labor

c) Article 24

[Solution Description]

According to Article 24 of the Indian Constitution, no child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. Therefore, employing a 13-year-old child in a factory violates this constitutional provision.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom of Religion

a) Forcing someone to follow a particular religion

[Solution Description] The Right to Freedom of Religion guarantees every citizen the freedom to practise, profess, and propagate their religion. However, it does not include the right to convert others forcefully or disrupt public order. Thus, forcing someone to follow a particular religion is not protected under this right.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom of Religion

c) Right to practise, profess, and propagate any religion

[Solution Description] The Indian Constitution guarantees that every person has the right to practise, profess, and propagate the religion of their choice. This ensures that individuals are free to follow any religion and express their religious beliefs without interference from the State.

Key Concept: Cultural and Educational Rights

d) Article 30

[Solution Description] Article 30 of the Indian Constitution grants minorities, both religious and linguistic, the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Cultural and Educational Rights

c) Every citizen must be in a position to claim those rights and these rights must be binding upon every authority that has got the power to make laws

[Solution Description]

The dual objective of Fundamental Rights, as articulated by Dr. Ambedkar, is to ensure that every citizen can claim these rights and that these rights are binding upon every authority with the power to make laws. This ensures protection against arbitrary state actions and safeguards individual and minority rights.

Key Concept: Cultural and Educational Rights

c) By ensuring educational standards and public order are maintained

[Solution Description]

According to the Indian Constitution, the State can regulate minority educational institutions to ensure that they maintain educational standards and do not contravene any laws related to public order, morality, or health. However, such regulation must not interfere with the minority's right to manage their institutions.

Key Concept: Right to Constitutional Remedies

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Right to Constitutional Remedies, as enshrined in Article 32 of the Indian Constitution, empowers citizens to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their Fundamental Rights. This right is considered the "heart and soul" of the Constitution because it ensures that Fundamental Rights are not just theoretical but can be enforced. The Supreme Court has the authority to issue writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari for this purpose. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains why the Assertion is valid.

Key Concept: Right to Constitutional Remedies

b) It ensures that citizens can seek justice from the judiciary if their rights are violated

[Solution Description] The Right to Constitutional Remedies is significant because it ensures that citizens can seek justice from the judiciary if their Fundamental Rights are violated. This right acts as a safeguard against the misuse of authority by the State or other individuals, ensuring the protection of individual freedoms.

Key Concept: Directive Principles of State Policy

c) To guide the State in achieving social and economic justice

[Solution Description]

The Directive Principles were included to ensure that the government focuses on social and economic justice, reducing inequalities, and improving the standard of living for all citizens. They aim to create a just and equitable society.

Key Concept: Directive Principles of State Policy, Social and Economic Justice, Equality

b) Equal pay for equal work for both men and women

[Solution Description]

The Directive Principles of State Policy aim to ensure social and economic justice by promoting equality among citizens. One of the key ways this is achieved is through the principle of equal pay for equal work for both men and women. This principle ensures that individuals are compensated fairly for their labor, regardless of their gender, thereby reducing economic disparities and promoting equality in the workplace. This aligns with the broader goal of social and economic justice as outlined in the Directive Principles.

Key Concept: Right to Equality

b) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality, as enshrined in the Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution, ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against based on religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. This right promotes equality and justice for all individuals.

Key Concept: Secularism and State Intervention

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the Indian Constitution allows the state to intervene in religious practices to abolish untouchability. This is true as the Constitution provides for the abolition of untouchability under Article 17. The reason given is that the principle of secularism in India permits state intervention in religion to promote equality and freedom within religions. This is also true, as Indian secularism uniquely allows for state intervention in religious matters to address issues like untouchability, ensuring equality within religions. The reason correctly explains the assertion because it highlights how secularism justifies such interventions to promote equality.

Key Concept: Indian Secularism

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution maintains a separation between religion and the state to prevent inter-religious domination. This is true because the Indian Constitution defines secularism as the separation of religion and state to ensure equality among all religions. The reason explains that inter-religious domination happens when one religion is promoted as the state religion, leading to inequality. This is also true and directly explains why the separation is necessary to prevent such domination. Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Secularism, Fundamental Rights

b) It ensures equal protection of all religions under the law.

[Solution Description] The principle of secularism in the Indian Constitution ensures that the state remains neutral in matters of religion, allowing individuals the freedom to practice, profess, and propagate any religion of their choice. This neutrality influences the interpretation of Fundamental Rights related to freedom of religion by ensuring that these rights are protected without any bias towards a particular religion, thereby upholding religious pluralism and individual liberty.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom of Religion, Indian Secularism

c) The State maintains separation from religion but intervenes based on constitutional ideals to achieve religious equality.

[Solution Description]

The principle of 'principled distance' in Indian secularism refers to the State's ability to maintain a separation from religion while also intervening in religious matters when necessary. This intervention is based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution and aims to achieve religious equality both between and within religions. It includes actions like banning practices such as untouchability or providing assistance to religious minorities.

Key Concept: Indian Secularism and State Intervention

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that the Indian Constitution permits the State to intervene in religious practices, specifically to abolish untouchability. This is true as the Constitution provides for such interventions to ensure equality and social justice. The Reason explains that Indian secularism is founded on the ideals of equality and freedom within religions, which is also correct. Furthermore, the Reason correctly explains why the State intervenes in religious practices like untouchability—to uphold these principles of equality and freedom within religions.

Key Concept: Basic Structure Doctrine

b) It protects the core principles from being altered

[Solution Description]

The "basic structure" of the Indian Constitution refers to its core principles that cannot be altered. This ensures that the fundamental ideals like justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity remain intact, even as other parts of the Constitution are amended.

Key Concept: Adaptability of the Indian Constitution

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution can be amended to address new challenges and aspirations without losing its core principles. This is true because the Constitution has a defined process for amendments, which allows it to evolve with changing societal needs while maintaining its foundational values.

The reason states that the provision for amendments in the Constitution ensures its adaptability. This is also true because the amendment process is a key feature that enables the Constitution to remain relevant and effective over time.

Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because the ability to amend the Constitution directly contributes to its adaptability, ensuring it can respond to new challenges without compromising its core principles.

Key Concept: Amendment of the Indian Constitution

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution is a living document, designed to evolve with time. Article 368 provides the procedure for amending the Constitution, allowing it to adapt to changing societal needs. The assertion is true because amendments have been made over the years to address new concerns. The reason is also true because amendments ensure the Constitution remains relevant and adaptable. However, the reason does not fully explain why the Constitution can be amended; it only highlights the purpose of amendments.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Right against Exploitation

c) Right against Exploitation

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in any factory or mine under the Right against Exploitation. This right ensures that children are protected from forced labor and exploitation. In this case, the child’s right to protection from exploitation is being violated.

Key Concept: Tyranny of the Majority

b) Tyranny of the Majority

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution aims to prevent the tyranny of the majority, where the majority enforces decisions that exclude minorities. This ensures fairness and protects minorities from being dominated by the majority in decision-making processes.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Misuse of authority

c) Right to Life and Personal Liberty

[Solution Description]

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. It protects individuals from arbitrary state actions by ensuring that no person is deprived of their life or liberty except according to the procedure established by law. This provision acts as a safeguard against the misuse of authority by political leaders.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

b) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality under Article 14-18 guarantees that no citizen can be discriminated against on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. This right is crucial for ensuring justice and equality in society.

Key Concept: District Courts, Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction

c) Civil cases deal with private disputes, while criminal cases address public offenses

[Solution Description] Civil jurisdiction deals with disputes between individuals or entities, often involving compensation or specific performance. Criminal jurisdiction involves cases where the state prosecutes individuals for offenses against society. The correct answer is the distinction between private disputes and public offenses.