Key Concept: Binary fission, Nucleus division

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

In amoeba, asexual reproduction occurs through binary fission. The process begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an equal amount of genetic material. This is crucial for maintaining genetic consistency in the offspring. After the nucleus divides, the cytoplasm of the amoeba also divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells. Therefore, the assertion is true as the nucleus does divide first, and the reason is also true because the division of the nucleus ensures equal distribution of genetic material. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Binary fission in amoeba begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material. After the nucleus divides, the cytoplasm splits, resulting in two separate amoebae. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

In amoeba, asexual reproduction occurs through a process called binary fission. This process begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei, followed by the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells. This is a direct and clear explanation of how binary fission works in amoeba.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Chromosome Replication

a) Before the nucleus divides

[Solution Description]

In binary fission, the replication of chromosomes occurs before the nucleus divides. This ensures that each daughter nucleus receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Cell Division

b) 4

[Solution Description]

Binary fission results in the production of two amoebae from one parent amoeba in one cycle. Therefore, after 24 hours, there will be 2 amoebae. After another 24 hours (total 48 hours), each of these 2 amoebae will undergo binary fission, resulting in 4 amoebae.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Nucleus Division

b) 16

[Solution Description]

In binary fission, the nucleus of the amoeba divides into two nuclei, and each nucleus receives an equal number of chromosomes. Since the initial nucleus has 16 chromosomes, after division, each daughter nucleus will also have 16 chromosomes.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

c) Binary fission

[Solution Description]

The term used to describe the type of asexual reproduction where an organism divides into two individuals is called binary fission. This is commonly observed in single-celled organisms like amoeba.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

b) One amoeba divides into two identical amoebae

[Solution Description]

Binary fission in amoeba results in the formation of two new amoebae from one parent amoeba. Each new amoeba receives one nucleus after the division of the parent nucleus and cytoplasm.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

b) Division of its nucleus

[Solution Description]

The process of binary fission in amoeba starts with the division of its nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of its body into two parts, each receiving a nucleus, resulting in two new amoebae.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Two

[Solution Description] During binary fission, one parent amoeba divides to produce two amoebae.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Binary fission

[Solution Description] The process where an organism divides into two individuals, each receiving a nucleus, is called binary fission.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

c) Division of the nucleus into two nuclei

[Solution Description] The first step in the asexual reproduction of amoeba is the division of its nucleus into two nuclei.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] In binary fission, the process begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. This step is crucial because it ensures that each daughter cell receives a nucleus with genetic material. After the nucleus divides, the cell body splits into two, resulting in two identical daughter cells. The reason provided explains why the nucleus divides first: to ensure that both daughter cells have the necessary genetic material for survival and function. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The process of binary fission in amoeba begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei, followed by the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells. This is a crucial step to ensure that each daughter cell inherits an identical set of genetic material. The assertion correctly states that the nucleus divides first, and the reason accurately explains that this division is necessary for proper genetic distribution. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] Binary fission in amoeba begins with the division of its nucleus into two nuclei. After this division, the body of the amoeba also divides into two parts, each receiving one nucleus. This process results in the formation of two daughter amoebae from a single parent amoeba. The assertion and reason both describe the steps of binary fission correctly, and the reason explains why the assertion occurs.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

c) It produces genetically identical offspring

[Solution Description]

Binary fission is considered a form of asexual reproduction because it involves only a single parent organism that divides to produce two genetically identical offspring. There is no involvement of gametes or fertilization.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

b) The nucleus divides before the cell body

[Solution Description]

Binary fission in amoeba involves the division of the nucleus first, followed by the division of the cell body. This results in the formation of two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

c) Two daughter amoebae

[Solution Description]

Binary fission in amoeba begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of the cell body into two parts, each receiving one nucleus. The final outcome is the formation of two daughter amoebae from a single parent amoeba.

Key Concept: Binary Fission Definition

b) A process where an organism divides into two individuals

[Solution Description]

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two individuals. This process involves the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the body.

Key Concept: Binary Fission Outcome

b) Two

[Solution Description]

In binary fission, one parent Amoeba divides into two individual daughter cells. This is the defining characteristic of binary fission.

Key Concept: Binary Fission Process

b) Formation of two nuclei

[Solution Description]

In binary fission, the process starts with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of the body, resulting in two daughter cells. Hence, the first step is the division of the nucleus.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Amoeba

[Solution Description]

Amoeba is a single-celled organism that reproduces by binary fission. It divides into two daughter cells.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Division of the nucleus

[Solution Description]

The first step in binary fission is the division of the nucleus of the amoeba into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of the body.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Two

[Solution Description]

In binary fission, one parent amoeba divides into two daughter amoebae. This is the basic process of binary fission in amoeba.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in binary fission, the parent amoeba divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. This is true because binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two parts, each inheriting the same genetic material from the parent.

The reason states that the division of the nucleus precedes the division of the cytoplasm in binary fission. This is also true because during binary fission in amoeba, the nucleus divides first into two nuclei, which is followed by the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because the sequence of events (nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division) ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic material, leading to the production of genetically identical offspring.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that Amoeba reproduces by dividing itself into two individuals, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason explains that this process is called binary fission and involves the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the cytoplasm, which is also true. Additionally, the reason correctly explains the assertion since binary fission specifically describes the process of Amoeba dividing into two individuals by first dividing its nucleus and then its cytoplasm. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that amoeba reproduces by dividing itself into two individuals, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason explains that binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a single organism splits into two identical individuals, which is also true and directly explains the assertion. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

c) Two genetically identical daughter cells are produced

[Solution Description]

Binary fission results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. Each daughter cell receives an equal amount of genetic material and cytoplasm.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

c) Division of the nucleus

[Solution Description]

The first step in binary fission is the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

b) 46

[Solution Description]

In binary fission, the nucleus of the parent amoeba divides into two nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent. Since the parent has 46 chromosomes, each daughter amoeba will also have 46 chromosomes.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Two

[Solution Description]

During binary fission, one parent amoeba divides into two identical daughter cells. Therefore, two offspring are produced from one parent amoeba.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

c) Division of the nucleus

[Solution Description]

The binary fission process in amoeba begins with the division of its nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Amoeba

[Solution Description]

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction observed in single-celled organisms like amoeba. In this process, the organism divides into two identical individuals. Among the options, amoeba is the organism that reproduces through binary fission.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

c) Production of genetically identical offspring

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not include the fusion of gametes. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

c) Division of nucleus

[Solution Description]

The first step in binary fission of an amoeba is the division of its nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of its body into two parts, each receiving a nucleus.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

c) Amoeba

[Solution Description]

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction observed in single-celled organisms like amoeba. Amoeba divides into two individuals, each receiving a nucleus, through this process.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra, Binary Fission in Amoeba

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Budding in hydra involves the formation of a new individual as an outgrowth from the parent body. This new individual is genetically identical to the parent because it is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes. Similarly, binary fission in amoeba involves the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the body, resulting in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Binary Fission

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

In amoeba, asexual reproduction indeed occurs through binary fission. The process begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. This is crucial because it ensures that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic material. After the nucleus divides, the cytoplasm also divides, resulting in two separate amoebae. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that budding in hydra involves the development of new individuals from a single parent, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason explains that in budding, the new individuals develop as outgrowths called buds, which is also correct. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the process described in the assertion.

Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra, Binary Fission in Amoeba

a) $\frac{4B}{3} + V$

[Solution Description]

For the hydra: Each bud has a biomass of $\frac{B}{3}$, and there are 4 buds. The total biomass from the hydra is $4 \times \frac{B}{3} = \frac{4B}{3}$.

For the amoeba: Each daughter amoeba has a volume of $\frac{V}{2}$, and there are 2 daughter amoebae. The total volume from the amoeba is $2 \times \frac{V}{2} = V$.

Combining both, the total biomass and volume produced is $\frac{4B}{3} + V$.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba, Growth and Detachment

b) $\frac{V}{2}$

[Solution Description]

During binary fission, the parent amoeba divides equally into two daughter amoebae. Therefore, the volume of each daughter amoeba will be half of the parent amoeba's volume. Thus, each daughter amoeba will have a volume of $\frac{V}{2}$.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra, Growth and Detachment

b) $\frac{3B}{2}$

[Solution Description]

Let the parent hydra's biomass be $B$. Each bud reaches half the size of the parent hydra before detaching, so each bud's biomass is $\frac{B}{2}$. Since there are 3 buds, the total biomass increase from all buds is $3 \times \frac{B}{2} = \frac{3B}{2}$.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

d) It involves only one parent

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not require the fusion of gametes. It leads to the production of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Budding and binary fission are examples of asexual reproduction.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

b) Division of the nucleus

[Solution Description]

The process of binary fission in amoeba begins with the division of its nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of the body into two parts, each receiving a nucleus, resulting in the formation of two new amoebae.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

c) Hydra

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent, which is characteristic of budding. This type of asexual reproduction involves only one parent and results in the formation of buds that grow into new individuals.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Budding in Hydra

c) As outgrowths from a single parent

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals are formed as outgrowths or buds from a single parent. These buds develop into new individuals.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Binary Fission in Amoeba

c) Amoeba

[Solution Description]

Amoeba, a single-celled organism, reproduces by dividing its nucleus into two nuclei followed by the division of its body into two parts. This process is called binary fission.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Budding in Hydra

d) Budding

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent. This type of asexual reproduction is called budding.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra, Asexual Reproduction

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the formation of buds in hydra is due to cell division at a specific site on the parent body. This is true because budding in hydra occurs when cells divide and form an outgrowth, which eventually develops into a new individual. The reason explains that budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from outgrowths of the parent body. This is also true. However, the reason does not directly explain why cell division occurs at a specific site; it only describes what budding is. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, new individuals develop from buds that are outgrowths of the parent body. This is true because budding in hydra involves the formation of bulges on the parent body, which develop into new individuals. The reason states that budding in hydra is a type of asexual reproduction where only a single parent is involved. This is also true because asexual reproduction requires only one parent, and budding is a specific form of asexual reproduction in hydra. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion as it clarifies why new individuals develop from buds in hydra.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, new individuals develop from buds formed on the parent body, which is true as budding involves the formation of outgrowths (buds) that develop into new individuals. The reason states that budding is a type of asexual reproduction where a single parent gives rise to new individuals, which is also true and correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Budding, Hydra Size

c) 4.5 mm

[Solution Description]

The parent hydra has a size of 2.0 mm, and the sizes of the three buds are 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, and 1.2 mm. To find the total length of all individuals, we add the size of the parent to the sizes of the buds: 2.0 mm + 0.5 mm + 0.8 mm + 1.2 mm = 4.5 mm. Therefore, the total length is approximately 4.5 mm.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding in Yeast and Hydra

d) In yeast, the bud detaches from the parent cell, while in hydra, the bud remains attached until it matures.

[Solution Description]

Budding in yeast results in a smaller bud that eventually detaches from the parent cell, while in hydra, the bud remains attached to the parent until it matures into a new individual. Both processes involve the formation of a bud as an outgrowth from the parent organism, but the detachment behavior differs between yeast and hydra.

Key Concept: Budding, Hydra

b) 3

[Solution Description]

The parent hydra has 2 bulges, each representing a bud that will develop into a new individual. Since the parent hydra itself will continue to exist after budding, the total number of individuals will be the parent plus the 2 new individuals. Therefore, the total number of individuals is 1 (parent) + 2 (buds) = 3.

Key Concept: Budding Process

c) It results in genetically identical offspring.

[Solution Description]

Budding in hydra involves the development of new individuals from buds on the parent body without the fusion of gametes, making it a type of asexual reproduction. In contrast, sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parents.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

b) Hydra

[Solution Description]

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from outgrowths of the parent body. Hydra and yeast are examples of organisms that reproduce by budding.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

b) They are developing new individuals.

[Solution Description]

The bulges observed on the parent body of hydra are called buds. These buds develop into new individuals through a process known as budding, which is a type of asexual reproduction where only one parent is involved.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

b) Yeast

[Solution Description]

Hydra reproduces asexually by forming buds, which develop into new individuals. Yeast also reproduces by budding.

Key Concept: Formation of Buds

c) As outgrowths from the parent body

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals develop as outgrowths or bulges from the parent body. These bulges are called buds, and this process is known as budding.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

c) Budding

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent. This type of asexual reproduction is called budding.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that budding in hydra results in genetically identical offspring. This is true because budding is a form of asexual reproduction, which involves only one parent and does not involve the fusion of gametes, leading to offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. The reason provided explains that budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from outgrowths of a single parent. This is also true and correctly explains why the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that budding in hydra involves the formation of new individuals as outgrowths from a single parent. This is true because budding is a type of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from the parent body without the involvement of gametes. The reason given is that in budding, the new individuals develop from the buds, which are the bulges on the parent body. This is also correct because these bulges are indeed the buds that grow into new individuals. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as it describes the process by which budding occurs in hydra. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from outgrowths of a single parent. In hydra, these outgrowths are called buds, which eventually detach to form new organisms. Since only one parent is involved in this process, it is classified as asexual reproduction.

Key Concept: Budding, Hydra, Asexual Reproduction

b) 20 days

[Solution Description]

The hydra releases one bud every 5 days. With 4 buds, the total time required will be:

$\text{Total Time} = \text{Number of Buds} \times \text{Time per Bud} = 4 \times 5 = 20 \text{ days}$

Thus, it will take 20 days for all 4 buds to be released.

Key Concept: Budding, Yeast, Asexual Reproduction

b) 64

[Solution Description]

Each yeast cell divides every 2 hours, leading to exponential growth. The number of cells can be calculated using the formula:

$N = N_0 \times 2^n$

where $N_0$ is the initial number of cells (1), and $n$ is the number of divisions.

$n = \frac{\text{Total Time}}{\text{Division Time}} = \frac{12}{2} = 6$

Thus:

$N = 1 \times 2^6 = 64$

Therefore, 64 daughter cells will be produced in 12 hours.

Key Concept: Budding, Hydra, Asexual Reproduction

c) 20 days

[Solution Description]

To determine the time required for each bud to grow to 10 mm, we use the formula for growth:

$\text{Size} = \text{Growth Rate} \times \text{Time}$

Given:

$\text{Final Size} = 10 \text{ mm}, \quad \text{Growth Rate} = 0.5 \text{ mm/day}$

Rearranging the formula to solve for time:

$\text{Time} = \frac{\text{Size}}{\text{Growth Rate}} = \frac{10}{0.5} = 20 \text{ days}$

Since all buds grow independently and simultaneously, it will take 20 days for all three buds to reach 10 mm.

Key Concept: Process of Budding

b) Development from a single parent

[Solution Description]

The primary characteristic of budding in asexual reproduction is that new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent. This process does not involve the fusion of gametes and results in genetically identical offspring.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

b) Hydra

[Solution Description]

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from the buds of a parent organism. Hydra and yeast are examples of organisms that reproduce by budding.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

b) Buds

[Solution Description]

In hydra, the bulges that develop into new individuals are called buds. This is a characteristic feature of asexual reproduction known as budding, where new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent.

Key Concept: Process of Budding

c) Budding

[Solution Description]

The process where new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent in hydra is called budding.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

c) Budding

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction involves only a single parent and new individuals develop from buds, as seen in hydra.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

c) Buds

[Solution Description]

The bulges formed on the parent body of hydra are called buds. These buds develop into new individuals through the process of budding.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent. This is true because in hydra, asexual reproduction occurs through budding, where new individuals develop as bulges or buds from the parent body. The reason states that this type of reproduction is called budding because new individuals develop from buds. This is also true and correctly explains why the process is termed budding. Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason provides the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Budding

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that in hydra, new individuals develop from buds, which is true as budding is the process where new individuals grow as outgrowths from a single parent. The reason states that budding is a type of asexual reproduction where only a single parent is involved, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why new individuals develop from buds in hydra, as it defines the nature of asexual reproduction.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, new individuals develop from buds, which is correct as budding is the process by which hydra reproduces asexually. The reason states that budding is a type of asexual reproduction involving only a single parent, which is also correct. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why new individuals develop from buds in hydra, making it the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding

c) Three new individuals are developing

[Solution Description] In hydra, each bud represents a developing new individual. Therefore, if a hydra has three buds, it indicates that three new individuals are in the process of development. This is a characteristic feature of asexual reproduction through budding.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding

b) The parent and offspring share identical genetic material

[Solution Description] Budding in hydra does not involve genetic variation because the new individuals develop from the parent's body cells through mitosis. This process ensures that the offspring are genetically identical to the parent, unlike sexual reproduction where genetic recombination occurs.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding

b) It does not involve the fusion of gametes

[Solution Description]

Hydra reproduces asexually through budding, where a new individual develops as an outgrowth (bud) from the parent body. This method is classified as asexual reproduction because it does not involve the fusion of male and female gametes (sexual reproduction). Instead, the bud grows, matures, and eventually detaches to form an independent Hydra, which is genetically identical to the parent. Since no genetic recombination occurs, there is no variation, and the offspring is a clone of the parent. This form of reproduction allows Hydra to rapidly increase its population in favorable conditions.

Key Concept: Budding Process

c) New individuals

[Solution Description]

The bulges observed on the parent body of hydra are called buds. These buds develop into new individuals, which is a characteristic of budding.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

c) Does not involve gametes

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not require the fusion of gametes. This results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

b) Hydra

[Solution Description]

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from buds on the parent body. Hydra is an organism that reproduces by budding, as observed in slides where bulges (buds) form on the parent body.

Key Concept: Budding

b) Hydra

[Solution Description]

Budding is a method of asexual reproduction seen in organisms like hydra and yeast. In this process, new individuals grow as buds from the parent organism.

Key Concept: Budding

c) Buds

[Solution Description]

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop as outgrowths, called buds, from a single parent. In hydra, these buds eventually detach and grow into new individuals.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

b) Asexual reproduction

[Solution Description]

In asexual reproduction, only one parent is involved, and new individuals are produced without the fusion of gametes. This method is common in organisms like hydra and yeast, where new individuals develop from buds on the parent organism.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, budding involves the formation of a new individual from a single parent without the involvement of gametes. This is correct because budding is a form of asexual reproduction where the offspring develops as a bud from the parent organism. The reason explains that budding is a type of asexual reproduction where the new individual develops as an outgrowth from the parent body, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as it describes the mechanism of budding in hydra.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, new individuals develop from buds formed on the parent body. This is true as budding in hydra involves the formation of outgrowths (buds) that develop into new individuals. The reason states that budding is a type of asexual reproduction where only a single parent is involved. This is also true because asexual reproduction, by definition, involves only one parent. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why budding in hydra is a form of asexual reproduction.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that budding in hydra involves the development of new individuals from buds, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason states that budding is a type of asexual reproduction where a single parent gives rise to new individuals, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because budding in hydra is indeed a form of asexual reproduction involving a single parent.

Key Concept: Budding, Hydra Reproduction Cycle

c) Three

[Solution Description]

The hydra produces a new bud every 24 hours. After 72 hours, three buds would have been produced (one every 24 hours). However, since it takes 48 hours for a bud to fully develop and detach, none of the buds would have detached within the 72-hour period. Therefore, all three buds would still be attached to the parent hydra.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding in Hydra

c) Three

[Solution Description]

Budding in hydra results in the formation of new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent. When the buds detach, they become independent organisms. Since there are two fully developed buds, they will form two new hydras upon detachment. Therefore, the total number of hydras will be the original parent plus the two new individuals.

Key Concept: Budding, Bud Development

c) Larger buds indicate earlier development

[Solution Description]

The size of the buds indicates their stage of development. The larger the bud, the more developed it is. Therefore, the first bud (half the size of the parent) is the most developed, followed by the second bud (one-third the size), and finally the third bud (one-fourth the size). This suggests that budding occurs sequentially, with older buds being larger and more developed.

Key Concept: Budding Process

b) New individuals

[Solution Description]

During budding in hydra, new individuals develop from the buds that form on the parent body. These buds grow and eventually detach to form independent organisms.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

d) Involves only one parent

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and does not require the fusion of gametes. The offspring produced are genetically identical to the parent.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

a) Hydra

[Solution Description]

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from buds on the parent body. In hydra, new individuals develop from buds, making hydra an example of an organism that reproduces by budding.

Key Concept: Budding

c) Budding

[Solution Description]

When new individuals develop from buds in hydra, this method of asexual reproduction is specifically called budding. It is a common form of reproduction in organisms like hydra and yeast.

Key Concept: Budding

b) Buds

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals develop from buds, which are outgrowths from the parent body. This process is known as budding, a form of asexual reproduction.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

c) Asexual reproduction

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction is the type of reproduction in which only a single parent is involved. It does not involve the fusion of gametes or the formation of zygotes.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding, Binary Fission

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, budding involves the formation of multiple buds simultaneously. This is true because hydra can have one or more bulges (buds) developing at the same time from its body. The reason states that budding in hydra is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent. This is also true and correctly explains the assertion since budding is indeed a type of asexual reproduction in which a single parent gives rise to new individuals through outgrowths (buds). Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Budding

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in hydra, new individuals develop from buds as outgrowths from the parent body, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason states that budding is a type of asexual reproduction where only a single parent is involved, which is also true and correctly explains the assertion. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] Budding in hydra is a type of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop as outgrowths (buds) from the parent body. The assertion states that budding involves the formation of new individuals from bulges on the parent body, which is true. The reason explains that budding is a type of asexual reproduction involving only one parent, which is also correct and directly explains the assertion. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that budding in hydra involves the development of new individuals from bulges on the parent body, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason states that budding is a form of asexual reproduction where the new individuals are genetically identical to the parent, which is also true. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why budding in hydra results in genetically identical offspring, making it the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that budding in hydra is a form of asexual reproduction because it involves the development of new individuals from buds. This is true as budding is a type of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from outgrowths of a single parent. The reason states that in budding, a single parent gives rise to offspring without the involvement of gametes. This is also true because asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why budding is considered asexual reproduction. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction, Budding, Binary Fission

c) Budding results in the formation of a new individual as an outgrowth from the parent, while binary fission results in two equal daughter cells

[Solution Description]

Budding in hydra involves the development of new individuals as outgrowths from a single parent, while binary fission in amoeba involves the division of the parent organism into two equal parts. Therefore, the statement that correctly distinguishes between the two is that budding results in the formation of a new individual as an outgrowth from the parent, whereas binary fission results in two equal daughter cells.

Key Concept: Binary Fission, Asexual Reproduction

b) Division of the nucleus

[Solution Description]

Binary fission in amoeba begins with the division of its nucleus into two nuclei. This is followed by the division of its body into two parts, each receiving a nucleus. Therefore, the first step in binary fission is the division of the nucleus.

Key Concept: Budding, Asexual Reproduction

b) The genetic material is identical to the parent

[Solution Description]

Budding in hydra is a form of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent. Since it is asexual reproduction, the genetic material of the new individual is identical to that of the parent organism because there is no exchange or recombination of genetic material.

Key Concept: Cloning

c) Cloning results in an organism that is genetically identical to the donor of the nucleus.

[Solution Description]

Cloning is the production of an exact copy of a cell or organism. In the case of Dolly the sheep, the nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a Finn Dorsett sheep was inserted into an enucleated egg from a Scottish blackface ewe. The egg was then implanted into the Scottish blackface ewe, leading to the birth of Dolly, who was genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett sheep.

Key Concept: Binary Fission in Amoeba

c) Division of nucleus followed by division of cytoplasm.

[Solution Description]

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where an organism divides into two individuals. In amoeba, the process begins with the division of the nucleus into two nuclei, followed by the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter amoebae.

Key Concept: Budding in Hydra

c) Budding involves the formation of bulges on the parent body that develop into new individuals.

[Solution Description]

Budding is a type of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop as outgrowths from a single parent. In hydra, buds appear as bulges on the parent body, which eventually develop into new individuals. This process does not involve the fusion of gametes.

Key Concept: Cloning

c) Sheep

[Solution Description]

Dolly, a sheep, was the first mammal to be successfully cloned. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Binary fission

[Solution Description]

Amoeba reproduces by dividing itself into two. This type of asexual reproduction is called binary fission.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

c) Budding

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals develop from buds. This method of asexual reproduction is called budding.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - General

c) Involves only one parent

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. This process does not involve the fusion of gametes.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Binary Fission

b) Amoeba[Solution Description]Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction observed in single-celled organisms like amoeba. In this process, the organism divides into two, each part receiving a nucleus, resulting in two new individuals.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction - Budding

b) Buds

[Solution Description]

In hydra, new individuals develop from bulges known as buds. This process is a type of asexual reproduction called budding. The buds grow and eventually detach from the parent body to form new individuals.

Key Concept: Budding

b) Hydra

[Solution Description]

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where a new individual develops from an outgrowth of the parent. In hydra, buds develop from the parent body and eventually detach to form new individuals.

Key Concept: Binary Fission

b) Binary fission

[Solution Description]

Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two identical individuals. In amoeba, the nucleus divides first, followed by the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.

Key Concept: Asexual Reproduction

b) Budding in hydra

[Solution Description]

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Budding in hydra and binary fission in amoeba are examples of asexual reproduction.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis, Life Cycle of Frog

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the transformation of a tadpole into an adult frog involves drastic changes in its body structure and abilities. This is true because during metamorphosis, the tadpole undergoes significant changes such as the development of legs, the absorption of the tail, and the formation of lungs for breathing air. The reason states that metamorphosis is the process through which the larva transforms into an adult capable of performing new functions like jumping and swimming. This is also true and directly explains why the tadpole looks so different from the adult frog and gains new abilities. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that tadpoles undergo metamorphosis to become adult frogs, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason explains that metamorphosis involves drastic changes in the body structure of an organism, which is also true and directly explains why tadpoles transform into adult frogs.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the transformation of a tadpole into an adult frog involves drastic changes, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason explains that metamorphosis is the process through which the larva transforms into an adult, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because the drastic changes mentioned in the assertion are indeed part of the metamorphosis process.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis, Stages

c) Egg → Tadpole → Adult

[Solution Description]

The life cycle of a frog involves three distinct stages: egg → tadpole (larva) → adult. The tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult frog.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis, Examples

d) Human

[Solution Description]

Metamorphosis is the process where an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure. Frogs, butterflies, and mosquitoes undergo metamorphosis, while humans do not.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis, Life cycle of frog

c) Late tadpole

[Solution Description]

The transformation of the larva into an adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. In the life cycle of a frog, the tadpole (larva) undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult frog.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

c) Frog

[Solution Description]

Metamorphosis involves drastic changes from larva to adult. Frogs undergo this process, while humans and chickens do not. Butterflies also undergo metamorphosis, but the question focuses on the example given in the syllabus, which is the frog.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

c) Egg → Tadpole → Adult

[Solution Description]

The life cycle of a frog involves three distinct stages: egg → tadpole (larva) → adult. The tadpole transforms into an adult through the process of metamorphosis.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

c) The transformation of larva into adult through drastic changes

[Solution Description]

Metamorphosis is the transformation of the larva into an adult through drastic changes. In frogs, the life cycle includes distinct stages: egg → tadpole (larva) → adult. The tadpole undergoes significant changes to become an adult frog capable of jumping and swimming.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

a) Frog

[Solution Description]

Some animals, such as frogs and butterflies, undergo metamorphosis. This process involves drastic changes from the larval stage to the adult stage.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

b) Caterpillar

[Solution Description]

The frog's life cycle includes the stages: egg → tadpole (larva) → adult. Any stage not listed here is not part of the frog's life cycle.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

c) Metamorphosis

[Solution Description]

The process where a larva transforms into an adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. This is a key concept in the life cycle of animals like frogs.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis, Life Cycle of Frog

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the transformation of a tadpole into an adult frog involves drastic changes in body structure and function. This is true because during this process, the tadpole undergoes significant changes such as the development of limbs, the loss of the tail, and the formation of lungs for breathing air. The reason given is that this process is called metamorphosis and is essential for the frog to transition from its larval stage to adulthood. This is also true because metamorphosis is indeed the biological process through which certain animals, including frogs, undergo significant physical changes to become adults. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why these drastic changes occur, as they are necessary for the frog's survival and adaptation to its environment. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the transformation of a tadpole into an adult frog involves drastic changes in its body structure, which is true. The reason explains that metamorphosis is the process through which larvae transform into adults capable of independent survival, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because metamorphosis indeed involves drastic changes, such as the development of limbs and the loss of the tail in frogs. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that the transformation of a tadpole into an adult frog involves drastic changes, which is true. The Reason explains that this process, known as metamorphosis, includes the development of limbs and the loss of the tail, which is also true. Moreover, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion because these changes are indeed part of the drastic transformation described in the Assertion.

Key Concept: Life Cycle of Frog, Metamorphosis

b) Metamorphosis

[Solution Description]

The process by which a tadpole transforms into an adult frog is called metamorphosis. This involves drastic changes in the body structure, such as the development of limbs, loss of the tail, and the transition from gill-based breathing to lung-based breathing.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis, Human Development

b) Human body parts develop gradually without drastic changes.

[Solution Description]

In human beings, the body parts present at birth are similar to those in adults, and there is no drastic transformation like in the case of frogs. Humans grow gradually without undergoing metamorphosis. Frogs, on the other hand, undergo significant changes from egg to tadpole and then to adult, which is termed metamorphosis.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis, Life Cycle of Frog

b) Early tadpole

[Solution Description]

The life cycle of a frog consists of three main stages: egg, tadpole (larva), and adult. The tadpole stage is characterized by the presence of gills and a tail, which are used for breathing and swimming respectively. At this stage, the tadpole does not have limbs. As it undergoes metamorphosis, the gills and tail are replaced by lungs and limbs, transforming into an adult frog.

Key Concept: Human Development

c) Humans grow gradually without drastic changes.

[Solution Description]

Humans do not undergo metamorphosis. From birth, human body parts are similar to those present in adults, and growth involves gradual development rather than drastic changes as seen in frogs.

Key Concept: Life Cycle of Frog

c) Pupa

[Solution Description]

The life cycle of a frog consists of three distinct stages: egg, tadpole (larva), and adult frog. "Pupa" is not a stage in the life cycle of a frog but is found in the life cycle of insects like butterflies.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

c) Metamorphosis

[Solution Description]

The transformation of a larva into an adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis. In the life cycle of a frog, the tadpole (larva) transforms into an adult frog, which is an example of metamorphosis.

Key Concept: Human Development

b) No

[Solution Description] In human beings, body parts similar to those present in adults are present from the time of birth. Humans do not undergo drastic changes like metamorphosis; instead, they experience gradual growth and development.

Key Concept: Metamorphosis

b) Metamorphosis

[Solution Description] The process of transforming from a larva (tadpole) into an adult through significant changes is called metamorphosis. This term accurately describes the transformation observed in the life cycle of a frog.

Key Concept: Life Cycle of Frog

c) Egg → Tadpole → Adult

[Solution Description] The life cycle of a frog begins with eggs, which hatch into tadpoles (larvae). The tadpoles then undergo metamorphosis and transform into adult frogs. Therefore, the correct sequence is egg → tadpole → adult.

Key Concept: Viviparous and Oviparous Animals

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the development of the embryo in viviparous animals occurs inside the mother's body, which is true as viviparous animals give birth to live young ones after the embryo develops internally. The reason explains that viviparous animals have internal fertilisation, which is also true, and this process indeed ensures that the embryo is protected and nourished directly by the mother. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Viviparous and Oviparous Animals

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Viviparous animals are those that give birth to live young ones, as opposed to laying eggs. The development of the embryo in viviparous animals takes place inside the mother's body, where it receives nourishment and protection until it is fully developed and ready for birth. This internal development is a key characteristic of viviparous animals. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Viviparous and Oviparous Animals

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that animals like cows and dogs give birth to young ones directly, which is true as they are viviparous animals. The reason also correctly identifies these animals as viviparous, which is the biological explanation for why they give birth to young ones. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Oviparous Animals, Development

b) The zygote forms a hard shell and is laid as an egg.

[Solution Description]

After fertilization in a hen, the zygote begins to divide repeatedly and travels down the oviduct. During this journey, protective layers form around the zygote, eventually leading to the formation of the hard shell of the egg. The hen then lays the egg, and the embryo develops inside the shell until it hatches as a chick.

Key Concept: Viviparous and Oviparous Animals, Fertilization

c) Internal fertilization occurs in both types of animals.

[Solution Description]

Both viviparous and oviparous animals undergo internal fertilization, where the sperm fertilizes the egg inside the female's body. However, in viviparous animals, the embryo develops inside the mother's body, while in oviparous animals, the embryo develops outside in an egg.

Key Concept: Viviparous and Oviparous Animals, Metamorphosis

d) Oviparous animals undergo metamorphosis during their development.

[Solution Description]

Viviparous animals give birth to young ones directly, while oviparous animals lay eggs that develop outside the mother's body. In oviparous animals like frogs, the development involves metamorphosis, where the larva (tadpole) transforms into an adult. However, in viviparous animals, the young ones resemble the adults from birth and do not undergo metamorphosis.

Key Concept: Development in Oviparous Animals

c) 3 weeks

[Solution Description]

After the hen lays the egg, the embryo takes about 3 weeks to develop into a chick inside the eggshell.

Key Concept: Oviparous Animals

c) Hen

[Solution Description]

Oviparous animals are those that lay eggs, which later develop into young ones. Examples include hens, frogs, and lizards.

Key Concept: Viviparous Animals

c) Dog

[Solution Description]

Viviparous animals are those that give birth to young ones instead of laying eggs. Examples include human beings, cows, and dogs.

Key Concept: Development in Oviparous Animals

b) Outside the mother's body

[Solution Description]

In oviparous animals, development of the embryo takes place outside the female body within the egg. The embryo continues to grow inside the egg until it hatches. This is characteristic of oviparous animals like hens and frogs.

Key Concept: Oviparous Animals

b) Frog

[Solution Description]

Oviparous animals are those that lay eggs, which later develop into young ones. Examples include hen, frog, lizard, and butterfly. Among the options, the frog is an oviparous animal.