Key Concept: Geographical Features, Natural Boundaries

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Assertion states that the Himalayas act as a natural barrier to cold winds from Central Asia, which is true because the mountain range blocks the cold Arctic winds, preventing them from entering India and thus keeping the northern plains warmer. The Reason is also true as the Himalayas indeed separate the Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia and contribute significantly to climate moderation by trapping monsoon winds and causing rainfall. Moreover, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion because the separation and elevation of the Himalayas directly result in their ability to block cold winds and influence climatic conditions.

Key Concept: Geographical Features of India

c) The Himalayan range
[Solution Description]
The Himalayan Mountain range is mentioned in the syllabus as standing as a natural barrier in the north of India. This geographical feature plays a crucial role in shaping India’s climate and culture.

Key Concept: National Character

c) Better than the whole world
[Solution Description]
Rakesh Sharma, the first Indian astronaut, described India as “Sāre jahān se a cchha” (better than the whole world) when viewed from space. This phrase, borrowed from a famous poem, reflects India’s pride in its unique geography and cultural richness, contributing to its distinct national character.

Key Concept: Geographical Diversity, National Character

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that India’s geographical diversity has contributed to its distinct national identity. This is true as India’s varied landforms—mountains, plains, deserts, and islands—have influenced its culture, climate, and history. The reason claims that natural boundaries like the Himalayas and the Indian Ocean have historically isolated India, fostering unique cultural and climatic conditions. This is also true, as these boundaries have limited external influences, allowing indigenous cultures to flourish. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because the isolation caused by these natural barriers has directly led to the development of a distinct national identity.

Key Concept: Geographical Features, Climate Influence

c) The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan Mountains
[Solution Description]
The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia, while the Indian Ocean provides moisture-laden winds that result in monsoons. The Thar Desert and Deccan Plateau influence regional rainfall patterns but do not drive the monsoon system as significantly as the Himalayas and Indian Ocean.

Key Concept: Geographical Features of India

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Assertion states that India’s geographical features contribute to its unique national character, which is supported by historical and geographical evidence. The Himalayan mountain range, Thar Desert, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal act as natural boundaries, isolating India from extensive external influences. These barriers have historically shaped India’s climate, culture, and history, fostering a distinct identity. The Reason correctly explains how these natural barriers limited external interactions, allowing cultural and societal developments to occur relatively independently. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason provides the correct explanation for the Assertion.

Key Concept: Importance of Himalayas

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Himalayas influence India’s climate by blocking cold winds, which is true as they act as a natural barrier. The reason states that the Himalayas are growing taller due to tectonic collision, which is also true according to the syllabus. However, the reason does not directly explain why the Himalayas influence climate; it only explains their geological formation. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Geographical Diversity, Formation of the Himalayas, Peninsular Plateau

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Peninsular Plateau is surrounded by water on three sides, which is true as it is bordered by the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean. It also mentions the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats, which is accurate since the Western Ghats host numerous endemic species. The reason correctly identifies the Western Ghats as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of their ecological importance and biodiversity. The reason directly explains why the Western Ghats are significant, supporting the assertion about the plateau’s biodiversity.

Key Concept: Key Geographical Features of India

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description] The assertion states that the Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which is true as they are recognized for their biodiversity. The reason mentions the presence of waterfalls and rivers in the region, which is also correct. However, while these features contribute to the Ghats’ significance, the UNESCO designation primarily highlights their biodiversity, not just these specific features. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason does not fully explain why the Ghats are a UNESCO site.

Key Concept: Himalayas, Gangetic Plains

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the fertility of the Gangetic Plains is mainly due to minerals deposited by rivers originating in the Himalayas. This is true because rivers such as the Ganga and Brahmaputra transport eroded sediments and minerals from the Himalayas, which settle in the plains, making the soil fertile. The reason explains this process correctly by identifying these rivers as carriers of Himalayan sediments. Hence, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason provides the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Geographical Features of India

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Himalayas act as a natural barrier, preventing cold winds from Central Asia. This is true because the Himalayas block the cold polar winds from entering India, keeping the northern plains relatively warmer. The reason states that the Himalayas create distinct climatic zones by blocking cold winds and causing rainfall. This is also true because they not only block cold winds but also cause orographic rainfall, which creates varied climate zones like the tropical monsoon climate in the south and temperate conditions in the north. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as both relate to how the Himalayas influence India’s climate by acting as a barrier.

Key Concept: Geographical Diversity, Natural Barriers

a) The Himalayas shield the country from cold winds, the Thar Desert restricts movement, and the Indian Ocean facilitates trade.
[Solution Description]
The Himalayan Mountain range acts as a climatic barrier preventing cold winds from Central Asia, while the Thar Desert influences arid conditions in western India. The Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea provide moisture for monsoon rains. These barriers have historically protected India from invasions and influenced its cultural and economic activities.

Key Concept: Himalayas, Peninsular Plateau

b) Altitudinal variation and orographic rainfall patterns
[Solution Description]
The Himalayas act as a natural barrier blocking cold winds from Central Asia, leading to warmer winters in Northern India, while also causing heavy rainfall on their southern slopes due to orographic lifting. The Peninsular Plateau, surrounded by water bodies, moderates temperatures and creates distinct monsoon patterns. The Western Ghats in the plateau region enhance rainfall on the windward side, creating tropical forests, while the leeward side remains relatively dry. Thus, the primary factors include altitudinal variation, proximity to water bodies, and orographic effects.

Key Concept: Himalayas

d) Himalayas
[Solution Description]
The Himalayan Mountain range is located in the northern part of India and acts as a natural barrier. It separates India from the rest of Asia and influences climate patterns. From the syllabus: “The Himalayan Mountain range stands as a natural barrier in the north.”

Key Concept: Gangetic Plains

c) Minerals deposited by rivers like the Ganga
[Solution Description]
The Gangetic Plains are nourished by mighty rivers like the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra. These rivers bring minerals that enrich the soil, making the region highly fertile and ideal for agriculture.

Key Concept: Gangetic Plains, Thar Desert, Northeast Hills

c) The Gangetic Plains are fertile with extensive agriculture, the Thar Desert is arid with limited farming, and the Northeast Hills are rainy with forest-based livelihoods.
[Solution Description]
The Gangetic Plains are highly fertile due to the deposition of alluvial soil by rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra, supporting intensive agriculture. The region has a subtropical climate with abundant water resources, making it densely populated. The Thar Desert experiences arid conditions with scarce rainfall and minimal river systems, leading to limited agriculture and sparse population. The Northeast Hills receive heavy rainfall (among the highest in the world), fostering rich forests and biodiversity. Rivers like the Brahmaputra support agriculture, but the terrain limits large-scale farming. Thus, the contrast lies in climate, water availability, and land use.

Key Concept: Himalayan Ranges

c) Himadri
[Solution Description]
The Himadri, also known as the Greater Himalayas, is the highest and most rugged part of the Himalayan range. It includes towering peaks such as Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga. This region remains snow-covered throughout the year.

Key Concept: Himalayan Ranges, Formation of Himalayas

d) The Indian tectonic plate is pushing into the Eurasian plate, causing the crust to rise slowly.
[Solution Description]
The Himalayas are still growing because the Indian tectonic plate continues to push northward into the Eurasian plate at a rate of approximately 5 centimeters per year. This slow collision causes the crust to fold and rise, increasing the height of the mountains by about 5 millimeters annually.

Key Concept: Population concentration

c) Fertile soil and good transportation network
[Solution Description]
The Gangetic Plains have highly fertile soil due to mineral deposits brought by rivers, which supports abundant agriculture. The flat terrain also allows for well-developed transportation networks. These factors make the region suitable for habitation.

Key Concept: Fertility and Agriculture in Gangetic Plains

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Gangetic Plains receive alluvial deposits from rivers like the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and their tributaries. These rivers originate in the Himalayas and bring with them minerals and sediments, which settle on the plains during floods. This deposition makes the soil highly fertile, supporting multiple cropping seasons and diverse agricultural activities. The reason correctly explains why the plains are fertile and suitable for agriculture.

Key Concept: Thar Desert – Adaptation to Water Scarcity

a) Storing water in underground tanks called $taanka$
[Solution Description]
People in the Thar Desert face extreme water scarcity and have developed traditional methods to cope with it. Women often travel long distances to fetch water. To minimize water usage, utensils are scoured with sand instead of water, and rainwater is stored in structures like $taanka$ or $kunds$. These methods help in conserving water effectively in the arid region.

Key Concept: Thar Desert Location

c) Delhi
[Solution Description] The Thar Desert primarily spans Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana. Delhi is not mentioned as part of the Thar Desert in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Western Ghats

d) They have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their rich biodiversity.
[Solution Description]
The Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their rich biodiversity and serve as the source of many rivers that flow eastward into the Deccan Plateau. They act like a wall along the western coast, causing rainfall on their windward side during monsoons.

Key Concept: Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats, UNESCO Heritage Sites

d) They are steeper and intercept monsoon winds effectively
[Solution Description]
The Western Ghats are taller and steeper than the Eastern Ghats, acting like a wall that forces moisture-laden winds to rise, cool, and precipitate. This results in numerous waterfalls cascading down their steep slopes during monsoons.

Key Concept: Geography, Conservation, Unique Features

c) They enhance India’s marine biodiversity and extend strategic maritime boundaries.
[Solution Description]
The Lakshadweep Islands are coral-based and situated in the Arabian Sea, while the Andaman \& Nicobar Islands are volcanic and located in the Bay of Bengal. Both have unique biodiversity, with Lakshadweep known for its coral reefs and Andaman \& Nicobar for their dense forests and active volcano (Barren Island). Strategically, they extend India’s maritime boundaries and serve as key outposts for defense and resource exploration. Hence, both contribute to ecological diversity and national security.

Key Concept: Unique Features

b) Barren Island
[Solution Description]
Barren Island, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is the only active volcano in India that occasionally erupts with smoke and lava.

Key Concept: Himalayan Ranges, Biodiversity

b) Moderate climate supports agriculture and settlements
[Solution Description]
The Himachal range lies south of the Greater Himalayas (Himadri) and is characterized by a more moderate climate, which supports rich biodiversity and human habitation.
Step 1: Compare climatic conditions. The Himadri remains snow-covered throughout the year, making agriculture and settlements difficult. In contrast, the Himachal experiences milder temperatures.
Step 2: Assess economic viability. Popular hill stations like Shimla and Darjeeling are located here due to favorable living conditions.
Step 3: Evaluate biodiversity impact. The region’s forests support livelihoods through tourism and agriculture.
Thus, the Himachal range is more habitable due to its moderate climate, enabling higher population density compared to the harsh Himadri.

Key Concept: Formation of the Himalayas

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Assertion states that the Himalayas were formed due to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian landmasses. This is correct as per the syllabus, which mentions that India broke away from Gondwana and collided with Eurasia about 50 million years ago, leading to the formation of the Himalayas. The Reason explains this by stating that the movement of tectonic plates caused the Indian landmass to push against Eurasia, resulting in the uplift of the mountains. This explanation is accurate and directly supports the Assertion. Hence, both statements are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Himalayan Biodiversity, Human Adaptation

b) Building kath-kuni style houses
[Solution Description]
The Greater Himalayas have harsh conditions with snow cover year-round and high altitudes. The most critical adaptation here is traditional housing styles like ‘kath-kuni’ or ‘dhajji-dewari’, which use local stone and wood to provide warmth and resist earthquakes. Other options like yak rearing or farming are secondary or not feasible in this region due to extreme cold and lack of arable land.

Key Concept: Formation of the Himalayas

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Himalayas were formed due to the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason provided explains that the movement of the Indian plate towards the Eurasian plate caused the land to crumple and rise, forming the mountain range. This is also true and correctly explains the assertion since the formation process involved the collision and subsequent folding of the earth’s crust.

Key Concept: Himalayas as a Natural Barrier

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion is true because the Himalayas indeed act as a natural barrier, blocking cold winds from Central Asia. The reason is also true, as the high altitude and rugged terrain physically obstruct the movement of these winds. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why the Himalayas serve as a barrier, linking the physical features to their climatic impact.

Key Concept: Natural barrier

d) Northern part
[Solution Description]
The Himalayas are located in the northern part of India and act as a natural barrier separating India from the rest of the continent. They play a crucial role in shaping India’s climate, culture, and history.

Key Concept: Formation of Himalayas, Gondwana collision, Current movement

b) 2500 km
[Solution Description]
To find the total distance India has moved:
1. Convert time to years: 50 million years = $50 \times 10^6$ years.
2. Given speed = 5 cm/year, thus total distance moved = speed $\times$ time = $5 \, \text{cm/year} \times 50 \times 10^6 \, \text{years}$.
3. Calculation: $5 \times 50 \times 10^6 = 250 \times 10^6 \, \text{cm}$.
4. Convert cm to km: $250 \times 10^6 \, \text{cm} = 2500 \, \text{km}$.

Key Concept: Himalayan Ranges

b) Lower Himalayas (Himachal)
[Solution Description]
The Himachal or Lower Himalayas lie south of the Greater Himalayas and have a moderate climate, making them suitable for human habitation. Popular hill stations such as Shimla and Darjeeling are located in this range.

Key Concept: Formation of the Himalayas, Growth Rate of Himalayas

c) 100,000 years
[Solution Description]
First, convert the target growth of 500 meters into millimeters for consistency:
500 meters = $500 \times 1000$ = 500,000 mm.
The Himalayas grow at 5 mm per year.
To find the number of years needed for 500,000 mm growth:
Years = Total growth / Annual growth = 500,000 mm / 5 mm/year = 100,000 years.
Therefore, it will take 100,000 years for the Himalayas to grow another 500 meters.

Key Concept: Himadri Peaks

c) Mount Everest
[Solution Description]
The Himadri range includes the highest peaks like Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga. Mount Everest is part of this range.

Key Concept: Climate and Biodiversity of Himachal

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The syllabus states that the Himachal region lies south of the Greater Himalayas and has a more moderate climate, allowing rich biodiversity and human habitation. It also mentions popular hill stations such as Shimla and Mussoorie in this region. Therefore, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. Additionally, the Reason correctly explains why these hill stations are located here—due to the favorable climate. Hence, R is the correct explanation of A.

Key Concept: Biodiversity, Traditional Architecture

c) Combination of locally sourced stone and wood for natural insulation and stability
[Solution Description]
The ‘kath-kuni’ style uses locally available stone and wood to construct houses. Stone provides thermal mass, which retains heat during cold nights, while wood insulates against external temperatures. Additionally, the interlocking design enhances earthquake resistance.

Key Concept: Kath-kuni House Construction

c) To provide structural strength against earthquakes and warmth
[Solution Description]
The ‘kath-kuni’ or ‘dhajji-dewari’ construction style uses locally available stone and wood to keep houses warm and resist damage from mild earthquakes, as mentioned in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Shivalik Hills, Wildlife, Conservation

b) It provides shelter for endangered species and maintains ecological balance.
[Solution Description]
The Great Himalayan National Park is significant because it serves as a biodiversity hotspot with a wide range of plant and animal species. It includes endangered species like the Snow Leopard and Himalayan monal, making it crucial for wildlife preservation. Additionally, its dense forests contribute to ecological balance by maintaining soil stability and water resources.

Key Concept: Himalayas, River Systems

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Brahmaputra swells in summer compared to the Ganga and Indus, which is true as it receives additional water from monsoon rains in its basin. The reason correctly explains this phenomenon by highlighting the Brahmaputra’s dual dependency on monsoon rains and glacial melt, unlike the Ganga and Indus which mainly depend on snowmelt for their flow.

Key Concept: Water Source in the Himalayas

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra rivers originate from the Himalayas, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason given is that melting snow from the Himalayan peaks during summer feeds these rivers, which is also true and correctly explains why these rivers originate from the Himalayas. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Orographic Precipitation, Altitudinal Zonation

b) By blocking moisture-laden winds and causing them to precipitate on the windward slopes
[Solution Description]
The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold winds from Central Asia, forcing moist monsoon winds to rise, cool, and condense, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side (e.g., Cherrapunji). The leeward side experiences a rain shadow effect (e.g., Tibetan Plateau). This process is called orographic precipitation. The correct answer involves understanding how elevation disrupts air flow and precipitation patterns.

Key Concept: Monsoon rainfall due to Himalayas

c) Monsoon winds rise over the Himalayas, cooling and causing heavy rain.
[Solution Description] The Himalayas force moist monsoon winds to rise as they encounter the mountain range. This rising air cools and condenses, resulting in heavy rainfall over northern and northeastern India.

Key Concept: The Himalayas: Sacred cultural significance

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Himalayas are considered sacred due to the presence of temples and monasteries attracting spiritual seekers, which aligns with the syllabus content. The reason mentions the role of Himalayan snow in feeding major rivers, which is also true as per the syllabus. However, the reason does not directly explain why the Himalayas are sacred; instead, it highlights their ecological importance. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Sacred rivers, Cultural significance

d) Ganga
[Solution Description]
The Bhagirathi River originates from Gaumukh, which is part of the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand. It merges with the Alaknanda River to form the Ganga River. The Ganga is considered sacred in Indian culture, supporting millions through irrigation, drinking water, and spiritual practices. Thus, the correct answer is the Ganga.

Key Concept: Wildlife in Ladakh

b) Snow leopard
[Solution Description]
Ladakh is home to unique wildlife such as snow leopards, ibex, and Tibetan antelopes. These animals are adapted to the harsh cold desert conditions.

Key Concept: Cold Desert Features

c) It has very low rainfall and sub-zero temperatures in winter
[Solution Description]
The term “cold desert” refers to regions where temperatures are extremely low, and there is minimal rainfall. In Ladakh, winter temperatures drop below $-30^{\circ}\text{C}$, and the area receives little precipitation due to its high altitude and rain shadow effect. Additionally, the terrain is rugged and rocky with sparse vegetation, resembling typical desert conditions despite the cold climate. Thus, Ladakh qualifies as a cold desert.

Key Concept: Community Conservation, Ecological Practices

b) Through its earthquake-resistance that prevents frequent rebuilding
[Solution Description]
The kath-kuni style uses locally available stone and wood, reducing transportation needs and maintaining ecological balance by minimizing deforestation elsewhere, while also being earthquake-resistant which prevents habitat destruction from rebuilding after quakes.

Key Concept: Cold Desert of India

c) Below –30°C
[Solution Description]
The syllabus states that winter temperatures in Ladakh drop below –30°C. Since this is specified as the lower limit, the correct answer is the option that matches this information.

Key Concept: Transport Network

c) Flat land with minimal obstacles
[Solution Description]
The flat terrain of the Northern Plains allows easy construction of roads and railways, facilitating efficient movement of people and goods over long distances.

Key Concept: Fertility of Gangetic Plains

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Gangetic Plains are highly fertile because of the minerals deposited by Himalayan rivers. This is true as the rivers like Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra carry mineral-rich sediments that enhance soil fertility. The reason also correctly explains this by stating that these rivers deposit sediments and minerals, which lead to fertile soil. Both the assertion and reason are factually correct, and the reason properly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Formation of Gangetic Plains

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Gangetic Plains indeed owe their fertility to the alluvial deposits from rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra, which originate in the Himalayas. The reason correctly explains how these rivers transport mineral-rich sediments, enhancing soil fertility. Thus, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation.

Key Concept: Population Density

c) High fertility of soil supporting agriculture
[Solution Description]
The Gangetic Plains are highly fertile due to river deposits, enabling abundant agriculture. This agricultural prosperity supports a large population, leading to high population density as mentioned in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Agriculture, Economic Activity

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Gangetic Plains play a major role in India’s food security because of high agricultural output. This is true since the region’s fertile soil, abundant water supply (from rivers like Ganga), and favorable climate support intensive farming (multi-cropping, paddy cultivation).
The reason cites the flat terrain and river networks as facilitators of modern irrigation and multi-cropping. This is also correct—flat land allows extensive canal systems, and rivers provide water for irrigation. However, while the reason supports the assertion, it does not directly explain food security (which involves distribution, storage, and policy too). Thus, the reason is true but not the primary explanation for food security contribution.
Hence, both assertion and reason are true, but the reason does not fully explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Transport and Trade Network

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The syllabus states that the flat land of the Northern Plains has allowed for the development of an elaborate transportation network, including roads, railways, and rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra for trade and travel. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains why the Gangetic Plains have a well-developed transport network.

Key Concept: Geographical Features, Cultural Significance

c) The desert receives heavy monsoon rains annually.
[Solution Description]
The Thar Desert acts as a natural barrier due to its harsh conditions, including extreme temperatures and lack of water. It spans states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana. Jaisalmer Fort is indeed a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the desert. However, the desert does not receive heavy monsoon rains; it is characterized by low rainfall.

Key Concept: Location and Adaptation in Thar Desert

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Assertion states that the Thar Desert is located in Western India, covering states like Rajasthan and Gujarat, which is true as per the syllabus. The Reason explains that the desert’s harsh conditions (high temperatures, cold nights, water scarcity) act as a natural barrier, which is also correct. Furthermore, the Reason logically justifies why the desert spans these regions—its inhospitable nature prevents easy habitation or crossing, thus maintaining its vast arid expanse. Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Geographical Diversity

d) Maharashtra
[Solution Description]
The Thar Desert spans across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana. Among the given options, Maharashtra is not part of the Thar Desert.

Key Concept: Adaptations in the Thar Desert

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description] The assertion states that people in the Thar Desert use sand to clean utensils, which is true as per the syllabus, where it mentions traditional cleaning methods involving sand to minimize water usage. The reason explains why sand is used—because it is a natural abrasive and conserves water for critical needs. Both statements are correct, and the reason logically explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Water conservation techniques, Adaptation in Thar Desert

b) 40 days
[Solution Description]
To find the time taken to fill the taanka, divide the total capacity by the daily inflow rate. Here, the taanka’s capacity is 20,000 liters, and the inflow rate is 500 liters/day.
Calculation:
Time = Total Capacity / Daily Inflow Rate
Time = 20,000 liters / 500 liters/day = 40 days
Therefore, it will take 40 days to fill the taanka completely.

Key Concept: Geographical Diversity, Historical Significance

b) Expansion of the Thar Desert into fertile plains of Haryana
[Solution Description]
The Aravalli Hills prevent the desertification of eastern regions by blocking the westward expansion of the Thar Desert. If mining reduces their height, the primary consequence would be an increased risk of desertification in the eastern plains due to weakened obstruction. This aligns with their role in climate regulation and desert control.

Key Concept: Mining and History

c) Mastery of zinc extraction techniques.
[Solution Description]
The ancient mines at Zawar are historically significant because they provide evidence that Indians mastered zinc extraction over eight centuries ago, making them the first in the world to do so.

Key Concept: Geographical Role of Aravalli Hills

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Aravalli Hills act as a natural barrier against the eastward expansion of the Thar Desert, which is true as they obstruct the movement of sand-laden winds. The reason provides that their average height (300-900 m) disrupts wind patterns, which is also correct and directly explains how the hills function as a barrier. Hence, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Ancient forts, Strategic importance

b) The hills acted as a natural barrier, hindering enemy movement
[Solution Description]
The strategic advantages include:
1. The Aravalli Hills’ height (average 500 m) provided natural elevation, making it difficult for enemies to breach.
2. The long perimeter wall (36 km) allowed for extensive defensive coverage.
3. The rugged terrain of the hills restricted movement of large armies and siege equipment.
4. Combined, these factors made the fort highly defensible.
The key factor is the natural barrier created by the hills.

Key Concept: Role of Aravalli Hills

b) Acting as a natural barrier to stop desert expansion
[Solution Description]
The syllabus states that the Aravalli Hills act as a natural barrier preventing the Thar Desert from expanding further eastward. This is one of its most important functions in shaping the geography and climate of northwestern India.

Key Concept: Plateau Characteristics

c) Bordered by the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
[Solution Description]
The Peninsular Plateau is an old land formation, triangular in shape, and surrounded by water on three sides (Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean). It is bordered by the Western Ghats (higher and continuous) and Eastern Ghats (lower and broken). The plateau is rich in minerals, forests, and fertile land with rivers flowing eastwards (Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri) and westwards (Narmada, Tapti). The correct answer highlights its geographical features.

Key Concept: Peninsular Plateau

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Assertion states that the Peninsular Plateau is surrounded by water on three sides, which is true as per the syllabus. The Reason explains why it is called a peninsula, citing its borders with the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean—this is also accurate according to the syllabus. The Reason correctly explains the Assertion because being surrounded by water on three sides defines a peninsula, which is why the plateau is referred to as a peninsular plateau.

Key Concept: Geography, Biodiversity

c) The Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage Site with steep slopes, rich biodiversity, and serve as a key watershed for peninsular rivers.
[Solution Description]
The Western Ghats are a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their rich biodiversity and unique geographical features. They are taller and run along the western coast, acting as a barrier to monsoon winds, leading to heavy rainfall on the windward side. This region is home to numerous endemic species like the lion-tailed macaque and king cobra, and it is a critical watershed for major rivers in South India. Steep slopes create waterfalls during monsoons, enhancing its ecological diversity.

Key Concept: Eastern Ghats and Deltas

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The Assertion is correct as per the syllabus, which states that the Eastern Ghats are lower and broken into smaller hills. The Reason is also correct because these breaks help major rivers deposit sediments and form fertile deltas, as mentioned in the syllabus. The Reason correctly explains why the broken nature of the Eastern Ghats facilitates delta formation.

Key Concept: East-flowing rivers, West-flowing rivers

c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
[Solution Description]
The Peninsular Plateau indeed tilts slightly towards the east, causing most major rivers like the Godavari and Krishna to flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal. This is correct. However, the reason that the Narmada and Tapti flow westwards due to Himalayan fault formation is incorrect. The west-flowing rivers follow rift valleys formed during ancient tectonic activity unrelated to the Himalayas. Hence, the Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.

Key Concept: East-flowing rivers

c) Godavari
[Solution Description]
The Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri are major east-flowing rivers that originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal. These rivers form fertile deltas, making the land ideal for farming. Among the options, the Godavari is one such river.

Key Concept: West-flowing Rivers

d) They form estuaries before draining into the Arabian Sea.
[Solution Description]
According to the syllabus, the Narmada and Tapti are west-flowing rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea. Both rivers originate in the Peninsular Plateau and flow westward due to the tilt of the plateau. Unlike east-flowing rivers, they do not form deltas but instead form estuaries where they meet the sea.

Key Concept: Rivers of the Peninsular Plateau

d) Narmada
[Solution Description]
The Narmada is a major west-flowing river in the Peninsular Plateau. It originates in Amarkantak and flows through a rift valley before draining into the Arabian Sea, unlike most rivers in this region that flow eastward.

Key Concept: Tribal Communities, Economic Importance of Plateau

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
[Solution Description]
The assertion claims that tribal communities primarily depend on coal mining for their livelihood, which is false. Tribal communities such as Santhal, Gond, Baiga, Bhil, and Korku largely rely on forests for their sustenance through activities like agriculture, gathering forest produce, and traditional crafts. While coal mining exists (as mentioned in the syllabus), it is not the primary occupation of these tribes.
The reason states that coal mining is the dominant economic activity due to vast mineral reserves. While coal mining does contribute economically (Fig. 1.32), the plateau’s economy also thrives on agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, tourism (waterfalls), and other industries. Hence, the reason partially holds truth but oversimplifies the economic diversity.
Therefore, Assertion (A) is false because tribes do not primarily rely on coal mining, while Reason (R) is true but not universally dominant.

Key Concept: India’s Amazing Coastlines

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion correctly states that the western coast of India is characterized by estuaries due to rivers flowing swiftly from the steep Western Ghats, whereas the eastern coast has deltas formed by sediment deposition from major rivers. The reason accurately explains why the west coast forms estuaries (steep gradient prevents sediment buildup) while the east coast forms deltas (gentler slope allows sediment accumulation). Hence, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: West Coast of India, River Systems, Estuaries

c) The steep gradient and short course prevent extensive sediment deposition, forming estuaries.
[Solution Description]
Rivers on the west coast originate in the Western Ghats and flow swiftly towards the Arabian Sea. The steep gradient and short course prevent significant sediment deposition, leading to estuary formation instead of deltas. Additionally, the narrow continental shelf allows rivers to meet the sea directly without depositing sediments extensively.

Key Concept: Geographical features – Lagoons

c) Pulicat Lake
[Solution Description]
The syllabus specifies that Chilika Lake and Pulicat Lake are important water bodies found on the East Coast, with Pulicat Lake being a lagoon.

Key Concept: Features of West Coast

b) Estuaries
[Solution Description]
The west coast of India is characterized by short, swift rivers that form estuaries as they meet the Arabian Sea. These estuaries are prominent features shaped by alluvial deposits and river flow.

Key Concept: Major cities and ports

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description] The assertion states that Mumbai is India’s financial capital because it has a deep natural harbor. This is true as Mumbai is indeed the financial capital of India due to its significant economic activities centered around the port. The reason explains that the deep natural harbor facilitates large-scale maritime trade, which is correct and directly supports why Mumbai is the financial capital. Thus, both are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: East Coast Features

b) Delta
[Solution Description]
According to the syllabus, a delta is defined as a landform formed at the mouth of a river where it deposits sediments into a larger body of water. This builds up over time, creating a triangular or fan-shaped area.

Key Concept: Lagoons and fertile deltas

c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
[Solution Description]
Chilika Lake is indeed a lagoon located on the East Coast of India, making the Assertion true. However, lagoons are not formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers; instead, they are bodies of water separated from larger water bodies by natural barriers like sandbars or barrier islands. Deltas, not lagoons, are formed by sediment deposits at river mouths. Thus, the Reason is false while the Assertion is true.

Key Concept: Andaman and Nicobar Islands

c) It is the only active volcano in India.
[Solution Description]
Barren Island is notable for being the only active volcano in India. Located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, it occasionally erupts, producing smoke and lava. The other options mention features or locations that do not apply to Barren Island specifically, such as being a coral island (which applies to parts of Lakshadweep), housing mangrove forests (found in Sundarbans), or being the southernmost point of India (which is Indira Point).

Key Concept: Geographical Location

c) Arabian Sea
[Solution Description]
The Lakshadweep Islands are an archipelago situated in the Arabian Sea, close to the Malabar coast of Kerala. This information is directly derived from the syllabus section describing their location.

Key Concept: Coral Reef Formations

c) Coral reef formations
[Solution Description]
The Lakshadweep Islands are coral islands formed by coral reefs, which contribute to their marine biodiversity and scenic beauty. This makes them distinct from other types of islands. Among the options, the presence of coral reef formations is directly linked to their coral origin.

Key Concept: Fishing and Marine Resources

b) They act as outposts for monitoring ocean activities.
[Solution Description]
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands serve as India’s outposts in the Bay of Bengal, providing strategic surveillance over key shipping routes and neighboring regions. Their location enables monitoring of naval movements and enhances maritime security. The presence of active volcanoes does not contribute directly to security.

Key Concept: Historical Significance, Geographical Features

d) Many Indian freedom fighters were imprisoned there under severe conditions.
[Solution Description]
The Cellular Jail holds great historical importance as it was used by the British to imprison Indian freedom fighters under extremely harsh conditions. It stands as a reminder of the sacrifices made during India’s struggle for independence.

Key Concept: Unique Feature

c) It is the only active volcano in India.
[Solution Description]
Barren Island is the only active volcano in India. It occasionally erupts, releasing smoke and lava. This makes it distinct from other islands in the region, which are either dormant or non-volcanic.

Key Concept: Biodiversity

c) Barren Island
[Solution Description]
Barren Island, located in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, is the only active volcano in India. It occasionally erupts, emitting smoke and lava, making it a unique geographical feature.

Key Concept: Historical Significance

b) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
[Solution Description]
The Cellular Jail was a colonial prison situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, primarily used to exile political prisoners during British rule.

Key Concept: Biodiversity and UNESCO Status of the Sundarbans

c) Royal Bengal Tiger
[Solution Description]
The Sundarbans is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger, among other species. The presence of this endangered species, along with the unique mangrove ecosystem, contributes to its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Key Concept: Delta Formation and Sundarbans

c) It is a UNESCO Heritage site with a unique river-sea-land combination.
[Solution Description]
The Sundarbans delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, creating a unique combination of river, sea, and land. It spans across India and Bangladesh and is a UNESCO Heritage site, home to diverse species like the Royal Bengal Tiger. The delta’s geographical significance lies in its unique ecosystem formed by the interplay of freshwater rivers and saline seawater.

Key Concept: Mangrove Ecosystem Significance

b) Acting as a natural barrier against cyclones
[Solution Description]
The dense mangrove forests in the Sundarbans act as a natural barrier against cyclones and tidal waves, protecting inland areas from devastation. They also provide a habitat for diverse flora and fauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger. While mangroves do absorb carbon dioxide and support fisheries, these are secondary benefits compared to their primary protective role.

Key Concept: UNESCO World Heritage Site

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
[Solution Description]
The assertion states that the Sundarbans delta is a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its unique combination of river, sea, and land ecosystems. This is true as per the syllabus, which mentions the delta’s unique geographical features. The reason given is that the delta is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and other species, which also adds to its ecological value. While both statements are true, the reason does not fully explain why the delta was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site—it supports the assertion but does not directly justify the UNESCO status, which is primarily based on the delta’s geographical uniqueness.

Key Concept: UNESCO Heritage site, Biodiversity conservation

c) Rich biodiversity and unique mangrove ecosystem
[Solution Description]
The Sundarbans is designated as a UNESCO Heritage site due to its rich biodiversity, including being home to the Royal Bengal Tiger, and its unique mangrove ecosystem formed by the confluence of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.

Key Concept: Cultural Practices

d) They reflect traditional craftsmanship and sustainability
[Solution Description]
The Living Root Bridges are sustainable structures crafted by local tribes using tree roots. They reflect the harmonious relationship between the people and nature in the region, showcasing traditional craftsmanship and eco-friendly practices.

Key Concept: Climate impact, Ecological balance

d) Thin soil and deforestation reduce water retention capacity
[Solution Description]
Despite heavy rainfall (over 11,000 mm annually), the thin soil layer on steep slopes cannot retain water. Most rainwater quickly runs off into valleys due to deforestation reducing groundwater recharge. Traditional jhum cultivation and loss of native vegetation have further degraded the land’s water retention capacity while increasing surface runoff.

Key Concept: Unique Features of Meghalaya

b) The cleanest village in Asia
[Solution Description]
Mawlynnong Village, located in the East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, is celebrated as the ‘cleanest village in Asia’. It is recognized for its well-maintained cleanliness, bamboo dustbins, and eco-friendly living practices.

Key Concept: Biodiversity and Tribal Culture

b) Renowned as the cleanest village in Asia with eco-friendly practices
[Solution Description]
The solution involves identifying the distinctive feature of Mawlynnong Village referenced in the syllabus. According to the syllabus, Mawlynnong Village is renowned as the ‘cleanest village in Asia’ due to its well-maintained cleanliness, bamboo dustbins, and eco-friendly living practices. Additionally, it is known for its living root bridges, showcasing sustainable craftsmanship.

Key Concept: Living Root Bridges

c) Roots of rubber fig trees
[Solution Description]
Living Root Bridges, found in Meghalaya, are made by weaving and guiding the roots of rubber fig trees over many years to form natural bridges.