Class 8 Social Science ( Recourses and Development) Chapter 1 Resources

Key Concept: Utility, Economic Value

b) The patent grants exclusive rights, making the medicine economically valuable.

[Solution Description] The primary reason for the change in value is the exclusivity granted by the patent. A patent gives the company exclusive rights to produce and sell the medicine, which can create a monopoly and increase its economic value. Traditional knowledge itself does not have economic value until it is commercialized through legal protection like a patent.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource because it is unlimited and not affected by human activities. This is true because solar energy is derived from the sun, which is an inexhaustible source of energy, and its availability is not influenced by human actions. The reason explains that renewable resources are those that get renewed or replenished quickly and are unaffected by human activities. This is also true because renewable resources like solar energy, wind energy, etc., are naturally replenished and their existence is independent of human intervention. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why solar energy is a renewable resource, as it aligns with the definition provided in the syllabus. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Resources and Utility

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, anything that can be used to satisfy a need is a resource. A beautiful landscape satisfies human needs by providing aesthetic pleasure, making it a resource. The assertion is true. Additionally, utility or usability is indeed what makes an object or substance a resource, which aligns with the reason. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Definition of Resource, Utility

c) It can be used to satisfy a need

[Solution Description] A resource is defined as anything that can be used to satisfy a need. A textbook satisfies the need for education and knowledge. It has utility because it is usable for studying and learning. Therefore, a textbook is considered a resource.

Key Concept: Definition of Resource

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that water is a resource because it can be used to satisfy human needs. This is true as water is essential for drinking, cooking, and other daily activities, fulfilling various human needs. The reason states that utility or usability is the primary factor that makes an object or substance a resource. This is also correct because, according to the syllabus, utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. Since both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why water is a resource, the correct answer is option a).

Key Concept: Definition of Resource

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] Water is a resource because it has utility and can be used to satisfy the human need for hydration, cleanliness, and other purposes. The definition of a resource, as given in the syllabus, is anything that can be used to satisfy a need. Since water fulfills these criteria, both the Assertion and Reason are true. Additionally, the Reason correctly explains why water is considered a resource.

Key Concept: Patent, Economic Value

c) Its economic value increases.

[Solution Description]

When a traditional home remedy is patented and sold by a medical firm, it gains economic value. Patenting gives the firm exclusive rights over the remedy, allowing it to commercialize the product, thereby increasing its economic value.

Key Concept: Resources and Utility

c) Electricity

[Solution Description]

A resource is anything that can be used to satisfy a need. Utility or usability makes an object or substance a resource. Among the options, electricity is a resource because it has utility in powering devices and appliances, satisfying human needs.

Key Concept: Utility, Value

b) Water used to quench thirst.

[Solution Description]

Utility refers to the ability of a resource to satisfy a need. In the scenario where water is used to quench thirst, water demonstrates its utility by fulfilling a basic human need, making it a resource.

Key Concept: Value of Resources

b) All resources have some value

[Solution Description] The value of a resource is determined by its ability to satisfy human needs. Some resources have economic value, like metals, while others, like a beautiful landscape, do not have economic value but are still important because they satisfy other human needs. Therefore, the correct statement is that all resources have some value, whether economic or non-economic.

Key Concept: Utility and Resources

c) It satisfies an educational need

[Solution Description]

A resource is defined as anything that can be used to satisfy a need. A textbook is used for studying, which satisfies the educational needs of students. Therefore, its utility or usability makes it a resource. The value of a resource is derived from its ability to fulfill a need, and a textbook fulfills the need for knowledge.

Key Concept: Utility of Resources

b) Utility

[Solution Description]

According to the syllabus, utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource. Resources are things that can be used to satisfy a need. Therefore, the correct answer is “Utility”.

Key Concept: Resource Definition

b) Anything that can be used to satisfy a need

[Solution Description] As per the syllabus, a resource is anything that can be used to satisfy a need. This definition emphasizes the utility of the object or substance.

Key Concept: Economic Value of Resources

c) They might be patented and sold commercially.

[Solution Description] Home remedies might become economically valuable in the future if they are patented and sold by a medical firm. This would give them commercial value, making them economically valuable resources.

Key Concept: Utility and Resources

c) It can be used to satisfy human needs.

[Solution Description] Water is considered a resource because it has utility, meaning it can be used to satisfy human needs such as drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Its usefulness gives it value, making it a resource.

Key Concept: Value Transformation, Utility

b) Recognition and commercialization of its utility.

[Solution Description]

The transformation of a resource from non-economic to economic value is driven by its utility being recognized and commercialized. For example, a traditional practice or remedy gains economic value when it is patented, marketed, and sold. This process involves identifying the resource’s potential and creating a demand for it in the market.

Key Concept: Value of Resources

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description]

The assertion claims that a beautiful landscape has economic value because it can be sold in the market. However, the syllabus explains that some resources, like a beautiful landscape, may not have economic value but are still important and satisfy human needs. Therefore, the assertion is false. The reason states that economic value is determined by the ability to buy or sell a resource in the market, which is true according to the syllabus. Thus, the correct answer is that the assertion is false, but the reason is true.

Key Concept: Introduction to Resources: Value

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that all resources have some value because their use or utility gives them worth. This is true as the syllabus mentions that things become resources only when they have a value, and their use or utility gives them value. The reason states that some resources may not have economic value initially but can gain it over time through processes like patenting. This is also true, as the syllabus explains that some resources, like grandmother’s home remedies, may have no commercial value today but could become economically valuable if patented and sold by a medical firm. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why the assertion is true, as it provides an example of how resources that lack initial economic value can still have worth and gain economic value over time.

Key Concept: Time, Technology, Hydroelectricity

c) Time allowed for the natural accumulation of water, while technology made it possible to harness its energy.[Solution Description]Over time, humans have developed the necessary technology to harness the kinetic energy of fast-flowing water and convert it into electricity. This involves building dams, turbines, and other infrastructure. Thus, both time and technology have been essential in turning water into a valuable energy resource.

Key Concept: Human Resource

b) They possess the ability to innovate and create

[Solution Description]

People are the most important resource because their ideas, knowledge, inventions, and discoveries lead to the creation and better utilization of other resources. For instance, the discovery of fire and the invention of the wheel were pivotal in shaping human civilization and turning natural substances into valuable resources.

Key Concept: Time and Technology: Two important factors that can turn substances into resources

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the discovery of fire led to the practice of cooking, which is true as fire was indeed a significant factor in the development of cooking methods. The reason states that the invention of the wheel resulted in the development of newer modes of transport, which is also true, as the wheel played a crucial role in the evolution of transportation. However, the reason does not explain why the discovery of fire led to cooking. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Made Resources, Technology

b) Human made resource, reduces water usage

[Solution Description]

The technology developed by the company is a human-made resource because it is created using human knowledge and skill. The primary benefit of this technology is its ability to reduce water usage, which is crucial in regions facing water scarcity. By optimizing the use of water, this technology contributes to sustainable agricultural practices and helps in conserving natural resources.

The technology represents a human-made resource and its main advantage is the efficient use of water in agriculture.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Air

[Solution Description] Natural resources are those that are drawn from nature and used without much modification. Examples include air, water, soil, and minerals.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource, which is true because solar energy is derived from the sun and is continuously available without being depleted. The Reason explains that renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly, which is also true. Moreover, the Reason correctly explains why solar energy is considered a renewable resource since it aligns with the definition of renewable resources.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-renewable Resources, Distribution of Natural Resources

b) Forests and solar energy

[Solution Description]

Tropical climates are characterized by high temperatures and significant rainfall, which support lush vegetation and diverse ecosystems. High altitude regions often have unique resources due to their specific climatic conditions. Such regions are likely to have abundant renewable resources like forests, water, and solar energy. Non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum are not dependent on climate or altitude but rather on geological factors.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-renewable Resources, Human Impact on Resources

a) Overuse and mismanagement

[Solution Description]

Water is a renewable resource because it gets replenished through the water cycle. However, overuse, pollution, and mismanagement can lead to its depletion. In many regions, excessive extraction of groundwater, deforestation, and climate change have disrupted the natural water cycle, causing water sources to dry up. This shows that even renewable resources can be affected by human activities if not managed sustainably.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource because it is replenished naturally on a human timescale. This is true as solar energy is derived from the sun and is continuously available without depletion. The reason explains that renewable resources are those that can be renewed or replenished quickly and are not significantly affected by human activities. This is also true and directly explains why solar energy is considered a renewable resource. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Categories of Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource, which is true because renewable resources are those that get replenished quickly or are unlimited. The reason given is that solar energy is renewed continuously by the sun and is not depleted by human use. This is also true and correctly explains why solar energy is renewable. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that solar energy is a renewable resource because it is unlimited and not affected by human activities. This is true as solar energy is derived from the sun, which is an inexhaustible source of energy. The reason states that renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly. This is also true as renewable resources like solar energy are naturally replenished over short periods. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why solar energy is considered a renewable resource, as its renewability is due to its quick replenishment. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Distribution of Natural Resources

c) Physical factors like terrain, climate, and altitude.

[Solution Description] The distribution of natural resources depends on physical factors like terrain, climate, and altitude. These factors vary significantly over the Earth, leading to an unequal distribution of resources.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that water is a renewable resource because it gets replenished through the water cycle. This is true as the water cycle involves processes like evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, which continuously renew water resources. The reason states that the water cycle ensures water is recycled and reused, maintaining its availability. This is also true and correctly explains why water is considered a renewable resource. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources, Sustainability

c) 5,987 square kilometers

[Solution Description] The forest area decreases at a rate of 5% per year. This means each year, the forest area is multiplied by 0.95 (since 100% – 5% = 95%). To find the forest area after 10 years, we use the formula for exponential decay: $A = A_0 \times (1 – r)^t$, where $A$ is the final area, $A_0$ is the initial area, $r$ is the annual decrease rate, and $t$ is the number of years. Here, $A_0 = 10,000$, $r = 0.05$, and $t = 10$. Substituting these values, we get $A = 10,000 \times (0.95)^{10}$. Calculating this, $A \approx 10,000 \times 0.5987 \approx 5,987$ square kilometers.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

c) They can be replenished naturally in a short period of time

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly. Some of these, like solar and wind energy, are unlimited and not affected by human activities. However, others like water, soil, and forests can be affected by careless use. The statement that accurately describes this concept is: “Renewable resources can be replenished naturally in a short period of time.”

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] Solar energy is indeed a renewable resource as it is continuously replenished by the sun, making the assertion true. The reason states that renewable resources are those that get renewed or replenished quickly and are not affected by human activities. This is also true and correctly explains why solar energy is considered renewable. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Renewable and Non-renewable Resources

c) Solar energy

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly. Solar energy is an example of a renewable resource as it is unlimited and not affected by human activities.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

c) Coal

[Solution Description]

Non-renewable resources have a limited stock and take thousands of years to replenish. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are examples of non-renewable resources. Among the given options, coal is a clear example of a non-renewable resource, as it cannot be replenished within a human lifetime.

Key Concept: Threats to Renewable Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that overuse of water can lead to its scarcity, even though it is a renewable resource. This is true because although water is renewable, excessive use without allowing time for replenishment can deplete its stock. The reason states that renewable resources like water can become scarce if they are not used sustainably. This is also true and directly explains why overuse of water leads to scarcity. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Deforestation, Soil erosion, Sustainable development

b) Clear-cutting forests for agriculture

[Solution Description] Clear-cutting forests for agriculture removes tree cover, which protects the soil from erosion. Without trees, rainfall directly impacts the soil surface, leading to increased soil erosion. This practice also contributes significantly to deforestation.

Key Concept: Overuse of water, Deforestation, Soil erosion

c) Depletion of groundwater levels

[Solution Description]

Overusing water resources in arid regions leads to the depletion of groundwater levels, which can cause water scarcity and affect ecosystems that depend on these water sources. This also disrupts agricultural activities and reduces the availability of drinking water for local populations.

Key Concept: Non-renewable resources, Environmental impact

c) Greenhouse gas emissions

[Solution Description] The extraction and use of non-renewable resources such as coal and petroleum have several environmental impacts. The most significant among these is the release of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), during combustion. This contributes to global warming and climate change. Additionally, extraction processes can lead to habitat destruction, water pollution, and air pollution. However, the long-term and widespread impact of greenhouse gas emissions is considered the most significant due to its global consequences.

Key Concept: Human Made Resources

c) Roads

[Solution Description]

Human-made resources are created by humans using natural resources. Examples include buildings, bridges, roads, machinery, and vehicles.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that coal is a non-renewable resource because it takes millions of years to form. This is true as coal formation involves the decomposition of plant material over millions of years under specific conditions. The reason states that non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan. This is also true as per the definition of non-renewable resources. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion since the time required for coal to form is much longer than a human lifespan, making it a non-renewable resource.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Non-renewable resources are those that have a limited stock and take thousands of years to be replenished. Coal, as mentioned in the syllabus, is an example of a non-renewable resource. The reason provided correctly explains why coal is considered non-renewable, as it aligns with the definition of non-renewable resources given in the syllabus. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Non-renewable resources, Formation time

c) Formed within thousands of years

[Solution Description]

Non-renewable resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas take thousands of years to form. This period is much longer than human life spans, making them non-renewable in practical terms. The statement that captures this characteristic is the correct answer.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources

a) Coal

[Solution Description]

Non-renewable resources are those which have a limited stock and take thousands of years to be renewed or replenished. Among the given options, coal is a non-renewable resource as it takes millions of years to form from organic matter under high pressure and temperature.

Key Concept: Terrain, Climate, Altitude

d) Mineral resources

[Solution Description]

High altitude and low temperature regions are typically characterized by mountainous terrains. These areas are rich in mineral resources due to geological processes like tectonic activity. Additionally, the cold climate supports the formation of glaciers, which can store freshwater resources. Therefore, such regions are likely to have abundant mineral and freshwater resources.

Key Concept: Impact of Altitude on Resource Distribution

d) Different altitudes support different types of resources

[Solution Description]

Altitude affects temperature, pressure, and soil composition, which in turn influence the type of vegetation and resources available. Higher altitudes often support different ecosystems and resources compared to lower altitudes.

Key Concept: Distribution of Natural Resources

b) Climate

[Solution Description]

The distribution of natural resources is influenced by physical factors such as terrain, climate, and altitude. These factors vary significantly across the Earth, leading to unequal distribution. Among these, climate plays a crucial role in determining the availability and type of resources.

Key Concept: Factors influencing distribution of resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the distribution of coal is primarily influenced by climatic conditions. This is true because coal formation depends on specific temperature and moisture conditions over millions of years, which are climatic factors. The reason correctly explains the assertion by stating that coal formation requires these specific climatic conditions. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Types of Resources

c) Forests

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources like water, soil, and forests can be replenished quickly. However, careless use of these resources, such as overuse or pollution, can deplete their availability. Forests, for instance, can be cut down faster than they can regrow, leading to deforestation.

Key Concept: Renewable vs Non-Renewable Resources

c) Water

[Solution Description] Renewable resources like water, soil, and forests can be replenished quickly but are susceptible to depletion or degradation due to careless human activities, such as overuse or pollution.

Key Concept: Non-renewable Resources, Distribution Factors

c) Terrain

[Solution Description] The distribution of non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum is largely determined by geological factors. Terrain, specifically the presence of sedimentary basins and ancient organic material, plays a crucial role in the formation and accumulation of these resources. Climate and altitude have less direct influence on the formation of fossil fuels compared to terrain. Therefore, terrain is the primary physical factor responsible for the uneven distribution of non-renewable resources.

Key Concept: Human-Made Resources, Discovery and Invention

c) It led to the creation of newer modes of transport and other innovations.

[Solution Description]

The invention of the wheel led to the development of newer modes of transport, such as carts and vehicles. This invention exemplifies how a single discovery can lead to the creation of various human-made resources, enhancing efficiency and productivity in society.

Key Concept: Transformation of Resources

c) Its original form must be changed

[Solution Description]

Natural substances become resources only when their original form has been changed by human intervention. For example, iron ore becomes a resource when people learn to extract iron from it.

Key Concept: Human Made Resources

b) Technology

[Solution Description] Human made resources are created when humans modify natural substances using tools and technology. For example, iron ore becomes a resource only when people extract iron from it.

Key Concept: Role of Technology, Resource Creation

c) The wheel improved the efficiency of transportation systems over time.

[Solution Description]

The invention of the wheel was a pivotal technological advancement that laid the foundation for modern transportation systems. It allowed for the creation of vehicles like carts and chariots, which significantly improved the efficiency of transporting goods and people. Over time, this led to the development of more complex modes of transport such as cars, trains, and airplanes. The wheel’s invention demonstrates how technology can transform a simple idea into a resource that drives societal progress.

Key Concept: Human Resources, Human Resource Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that human beings are a special resource because they can transform physical materials into valuable resources using knowledge, skill, and technology. This is true, as humans have the unique ability to utilize nature and create resources. The reason explains that human resource development improves the quality of people’s skills, which enhances their ability to create resources. This is also true and directly supports the assertion by explaining why humans are a special resource. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that education and health are essential for making people a valuable resource. This is true because education and health enhance the knowledge, skills, and physical abilities of individuals, making them more productive. The reason states that improving the quality of people’s skills enables them to create more resources. This is also true because better skills lead to more efficient utilization of natural resources, thereby creating more resources. However, the reason does not directly explain why education and health are essential. Instead, it explains the outcome of improving skills. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Technology Application

c) The application of knowledge and skills

[Solution Description]

Technology refers to the application of the latest knowledge and skills in doing or making things. It helps in creating and utilizing resources effectively.

Key Concept: Human Resources, Skills, Abilities

c) Because of their capacity to innovate and transform materials

[Solution Description]

Humans possess unique qualities such as creativity, knowledge, and problem-solving abilities. These traits enable them to convert physical materials into valuable resources through innovation, skill development, and effective management.

Key Concept: Role of Education and Health

c) They improve skills and abilities

[Solution Description]

Education and health help in making people a valuable resource by improving their skills and abilities.

Key Concept: Education and Health in Human Resources

b) They help people acquire skills and maintain abilities necessary for resource creation

[Solution Description]

Education and health are crucial because they help individuals acquire the necessary skills and maintain the physical and mental abilities required to transform physical materials into valuable resources.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

c) It enhances knowledge and skills to create resources.

[Solution Description]

Education enhances the knowledge and skills of individuals, enabling them to make the best use of nature and create more resources. It improves the quality of people’s abilities, making them valuable resources for society. This is the core concept of human resource development, which focuses on improving the skills and capabilities of people.

Key Concept: Human Resources, Skill Development

b) Implementing vocational training programs aligned with industry needs

[Solution Description]

Sustainable human resource development requires continuous skill enhancement. The most effective approach is to implement vocational training programs that are aligned with industry needs. This ensures that the workforce acquires relevant skills that can be directly applied in the job market, thereby improving productivity and economic growth.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development, Health and Productivity

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that improving health standards directly enhances the productivity of human resources. This is true because better health leads to higher energy levels, reduced absenteeism, and improved cognitive function, all of which contribute to increased productivity. The reason provided is that healthy individuals are more efficient in utilizing their skills and knowledge to create valuable resources. This is also true as good health enables individuals to perform tasks more effectively and innovate better. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because it links health directly to the efficiency and productivity of human resources. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Resource

a) Knowledge and skills

[Solution Description]

Human beings are considered a special resource because they possess the knowledge, skills, and technology to make the best use of nature to create more resources. This ability is enhanced through education and health, which improve the quality of people’s skills, making them valuable resources.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development, Quality of Skills

c) To improve the quality of people’s skills for resource creation.

[Solution Description]

The primary goal of human resource development is to improve the quality of people’s skills so that they can create more resources. This involves enhancing education, health, and technical expertise to make individuals more capable and productive.

Key Concept: Human Resources

c) Education and health

[Solution Description]

Education and health are crucial factors that help in making people a valuable resource. They enhance the knowledge and skills of individuals, enabling them to contribute effectively to resource creation.

Key Concept: Human Resources, Education and Health

c) Education and healthcare

[Solution Description]

Human resource development is achieved through a combination of education and health. Education provides the necessary knowledge and skills, while health ensures that individuals are physically and mentally capable of utilizing those skills to create resources.

Key Concept: Human Resource Development

c) Enhancing people’s skills to create resources

[Solution Description]

The primary goal of human resource development is to improve the quality of people’s skills so that they can create more resources. This involves enhancing their knowledge, abilities, and technological expertise through education and health initiatives.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

b) Fixing leaking faucets promptly

[Solution Description] Conserving water resources can be achieved by reducing wastage and using water efficiently. Actions such as fixing leaks, using water-saving appliances, and avoiding unnecessary water usage contribute significantly to water conservation.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Resource Conservation

b) Practising resource conservation, recycling, and reusing materials

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development involves balancing the use of resources to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. The most effective way to achieve this is by practising resource conservation, reducing consumption, recycling, and reusing materials. These actions ensure that renewable resources are given time to replenish and that non-renewable resources are used judiciously.

Key Concept: Importance of Resource Conservation

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that sustainable development ensures resources are used responsibly to benefit both current and future generations. This is true because sustainable development focuses on balancing resource use with conservation. The reason explains that sustainable development involves this balance, which directly supports the assertion. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

c) Balancing the use of resources for present and future needs

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development refers to the practice of using resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involves balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Resource Conservation

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that sustainable development ensures the needs of the present are met without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their needs. This is true as sustainable development focuses on balancing resource use with conservation. The reason explains that sustainable development promotes conservation through practices like recycling, reducing consumption, and reusing materials. This is also true because these practices directly contribute to resource conservation. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion as it highlights how sustainable development achieves its goal through specific conservation practices. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

b) To prevent scarcity and maintain availability

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources can become scarce if not used carefully. Ensuring their sustainable use helps in maintaining their availability for future generations and prevents environmental degradation.

Key Concept: Resource Scarcity, Overuse of Resources

b) Severe water shortages and ecological imbalance

[Solution Description] Overuse of freshwater resources without conservation leads to scarcity, affecting ecosystems, agriculture, and human populations. The most likely long-term consequence is severe water shortages, making it difficult to sustain life and economic activities. This aligns with the principle that renewable resources can become scarce if not managed sustainably.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

b) Recycling and reusing materials

[Solution Description]

Individuals can contribute to resource conservation by reducing consumption, recycling materials, and reusing items whenever possible. These actions help minimize waste and reduce the depletion of natural resources, ensuring their availability for future generations.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources

c) Overuse prevents their regeneration

[Solution Description]

Renewable resources can become scarce if they are overused or mismanaged, as they may not have sufficient time to regenerate. Proper management ensures that these resources are available for future generations.

Key Concept: Conserving Resources

b) Recycling and reusing

[Solution Description]

Individuals can contribute to resource conservation by reducing consumption, recycling, and reusing things.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

c) Making packets from old newspapers and discarded clothes

[Solution Description]

Resource conservation involves reducing consumption, recycling, and reusing things. Making shopping bags from old newspapers and discarded clothes is an example of reusing materials to reduce waste and conserve resources.

Key Concept: Water Scarcity, Resource Conservation

d) Implement rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation systems

[Solution Description] To address water scarcity sustainably, it is crucial to focus on conservation practices such as rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation systems, and public awareness campaigns to reduce water wastage. These measures ensure that water resources are managed responsibly, providing sufficient supply for both present and future needs.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation, Community Involvement

b) Enable communities to care for their own environment

[Solution Description] This initiative aligns with the principle of “Enable communities to care for their own environment” as it empowers the community to take collective action towards conserving resources. By educating others, the students are fostering a sense of responsibility and collective effort in resource conservation.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that recycling paper helps in conserving trees, which is true because recycling reduces the demand for new paper production. The reason given is that trees are cut down to produce paper, and recycling reduces the need for cutting more trees. This reason correctly explains why recycling paper conserves trees. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Quality of Human Life

c) By conserving resources and protecting the environment

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development aims to improve the quality of human life by ensuring access to clean air, water, food, and a healthy environment. It promotes practices that conserve resources, reduce pollution, and protect ecosystems, which in turn enhance health, well-being, and livelihoods.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that sustainable development ensures resources are used responsibly for both present and future needs. The reason explains that sustainable development balances resource use and conservation to preserve the earth’s life support systems. Both statements are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion because balancing resource use and conservation is a key principle of sustainable development.

Key Concept: Renewable Resources, Sustainable Practices

b) Investing in solar and wind energy projects

[Solution Description] Sustainable development emphasizes the use of renewable resources to minimize environmental impact and ensure long-term resource availability. Replacing a coal-based power plant with solar and wind energy would reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on non-renewable resources, aligning with sustainable practices.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

b) To balance resource use and conservation for future generations

[Solution Description]

The main goal of sustainable development is to carefully utilize resources so that besides meeting the requirements of the present, it also takes care of future generations. It ensures that the use of renewable resources is sustainable, the diversity of life on Earth is conserved, and the damage to natural environmental systems is minimized.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Resource Conservation

c) Develop only 20% of the land and turn the rest into a protected nature reserve

[Solution Description] The principles of sustainable development emphasize the need to conserve natural resources and maintain ecological balance. Developing a housing project on a forested area could lead to deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystems. Therefore, the best approach would be to minimize environmental impact by preserving as much of the forest as possible, using eco-friendly construction methods, and ensuring the project does not deplete natural resources or harm wildlife habitats.

Key Concept: Respect and care for all life forms

d) Utilising resources carefully for present and future generations

[Solution Description]

The primary goal of sustainable development is to utilise resources carefully so that besides meeting the requirements of the present, it also takes care of future generations. This ensures that resources are conserved for long-term use.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation, Quality of Life

a) Planting more trees in urban areas

[Solution Description]

The most effective strategy should improve quality of life while conserving resources. Planting trees improves air quality and provides shade, thus enhancing quality of life and conserving the environment. Cutting down forests harms the environment, building more roads increases pollution, and expanding industrial zones can lead to resource depletion and pollution.

Key Concept: Conservation Practices

c) Making shopping bags from old newspapers

[Solution Description]

In the story, Mona and her friends engage in various activities to conserve resources, such as making packets and shopping bags from old newspapers and discarded clothes, reducing paper waste, saving electricity, and minimizing water wastage. These practices help in reducing consumption, recycling, and reusing materials, which are essential for resource conservation.

Key Concept: Energy Conservation, Sustainable Practices

c) Installing solar panels and switching to LED lighting

[Solution Description]

Minimizing environmental impact through energy conservation involves reducing electricity consumption, using energy-efficient appliances, and adopting sustainable practices. The most effective action would be one that significantly reduces energy usage without compromising daily needs.

Key Concept: Conservation of Biodiversity

b) Protecting natural habitats and wildlife

[Solution Description]

Conserving biodiversity involves protecting various species and their habitats. Communities can contribute by adopting practices that minimize harm to ecosystems and promote the preservation of diverse life forms.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation

c) To ensure resources are available for future generations

[Solution Description] Resource conservation aims to minimize the depletion of natural resources by using them carefully and ensuring they have time to renew. This helps in maintaining a balance between current needs and future requirements.

Key Concept: Minimizing Depletion of Natural Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that minimizing the depletion of natural resources is essential for sustainable development, which is true because sustainable development focuses on balancing resource use with conservation. The reason explains that sustainable development ensures that the needs of the present are met without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their needs, which is also true and directly explains why minimizing resource depletion is essential. Therefore, both assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development, Community Practices

c) Creating shopping bags from old newspapers as a class project

[Solution Description] A project that encourages hands-on activities like creating shopping bags from old newspapers helps students understand the importance of recycling and reusing materials. This approach fosters a sense of responsibility towards resource conservation and aligns with the principles of sustainable development.

Key Concept: Resource Conservation, Sustainable Development

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that sustainable development involves balancing resource use with conservation, which is true according to the syllabus. The reason explains that resource conservation ensures future generations have access to resources, also a valid point from the syllabus. However, while both are true, the reason does not directly explain why balancing is necessary for sustainable development. Balancing is more about maintaining resource availability over time rather than just ensuring future access. Hence, the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development

b) Improve the quality of human life

[Solution Description]

Sustainable development includes principles aimed at improving the quality of human life. One of these principles is to ensure that human activities enhance living conditions without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Key Concept: Sustainable Development and Resource Conservation

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that sustainable development ensures resources are used in a way that balances present and future needs. This is true as sustainable development aims to use resources carefully so they can be renewed or sustained for future generations. The reason states that sustainable development focuses on minimizing the depletion of natural resources and improving human life quality, which is also true. However, while the reason supports the assertion, it is not a direct explanation of why sustainable development ensures resource availability for future generations. Therefore, both are true, but the reason does not directly explain the assertion.