Key Concept: Human Resources, Population Composition

c) High birth rate and high death rate

[Solution Description]

A population pyramid that is broad at the base and narrows rapidly towards the top indicates high birth rates and high death rates. This is because many children are born, but a large percentage die in infancy, leading to fewer adults and very few elderly people. This pattern is typical of countries with limited healthcare and economic development.

Key Concept: Human Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that human resource is the ultimate resource because it is people who transform natural resources into useful products. This is true as per the syllabus, which mentions that people with their demands and abilities turn nature’s bounty into resources. The reason also aligns with the syllabus, stating that it is people with their abilities and demands that turn nature’s bounty into resources. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion by highlighting the role of human abilities and demands in transforming natural resources. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that human resources are the ultimate resource because they can develop other resources as per their requirements. This is true because human beings have the ability to utilize nature's bounty and turn it into useful resources through their skills and knowledge. The reason states that healthy, educated, and motivated people are essential for the development of resources. This is also true because such individuals possess the capability to innovate and create resources efficiently. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because it highlights the qualities that make human resources capable of developing other resources. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Human Resources - Relationship between people and natural resources

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that human resource is the ultimate resource because people can develop natural resources as per their requirements. This is true as the syllabus mentions that it is people with their demands and abilities that turn natural resources into ‘resources’. The reason states that nature’s bounty becomes significant only when people find it useful. This is also true because the syllabus emphasizes that nature’s resources are significant only when they are utilized by people. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as the significance of natural resources is directly linked to their development and utilization by human beings.

Key Concept: Unequal distribution of human resources globally

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the distribution of human resources is highly uneven across the globe, which is true as per the syllabus. More than 90\% of the world’s population lives in about 30\% of the land surface, and certain areas like South Asia, Europe, and North America are densely populated, while others like high latitude areas and tropical deserts are sparsely populated. The reason provided is that human resources are influenced by factors such as educational levels, age, and sex, which also aligns with the syllabus. However, the reason does not directly explain why the distribution is uneven; it only describes the characteristics of human resources. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Distribution

c) Asia

[Solution Description]

According to the syllabus, South Central Asia has the highest density of population followed by East and South East Asia. Therefore, the continent with the highest population density is Asia.

Key Concept: Continental Population Distribution

a) 5.85 billion

[Solution Description]

To find the number of people living in Asia and Africa combined, we calculate three-quarters of the world's population:

$75\% \text{ of } 7.9 \text{ billion} = 0.75 \times 7.9 = 5.85 \text{ billion}$

Thus, approximately 5.85 billion people live in Asia and Africa combined.

Key Concept: Factors Affecting Distribution, Geographical Factors

c) Ganga Plains

[Solution Description]

Areas with fertile soil, availability of fresh water, and favorable climate are more likely to be densely populated. Plains are also preferred over mountains due to their suitability for farming and other activities.

Key Concept: Population Distribution

d) High latitude areas

[Solution Description]

The major densely populated regions in the world include South and South East Asia, Europe, and North Eastern North America. High latitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains, and equatorial forests are sparsely populated. Therefore, high latitude areas are not densely populated.

Key Concept: Factors Affecting Distribution of Population

c) Fertile soil suitable for agriculture

[Solution Description]

Geographical factors such as topography, climate, soil, water, and minerals influence population distribution. Areas with fertile soil, flat plains, temperate climate, and access to fresh water are more likely to be densely populated. Fertile soil supports agriculture, which is essential for sustaining large populations.

Key Concept: Population Distribution

d) Africa

[Solution Description]

The syllabus mentions that the crowded areas in terms of population distribution are South and South East Asia, Europe, and North Eastern North America. Therefore, any continent not listed in these regions is not considered crowded. Africa is not mentioned as one of the crowded areas in the syllabus.

Key Concept: Distribution of Population: Northeastern North America

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that northeastern North America is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, which is true based on the syllabus. The reason provided is that the region has favorable climatic conditions and abundant economic opportunities, which is also true. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why northeastern North America is densely populated, as these factors attract people to settle in the region.

Key Concept: Sparsely Populated Regions

c) Siberia

[Solution Description]

High latitude areas, such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions, are sparsely populated due to extreme cold temperatures and harsh living conditions. Among the options, only one region fits this description.

Key Concept: Geographical Factors

c) Due to very cold climates

[Solution Description]

High latitude areas have very cold climates, which are extreme and uncomfortable for human habitation. This makes people avoid living there.

Key Concept: Water Availability

b) Abundance of fertile soil

[Solution Description]

River valleys provide easy access to fresh water, which is essential for drinking, agriculture, and other human activities. This availability of water supports a higher population density. In contrast, deserts lack sufficient fresh water, making them less suitable for sustaining large populations.

Key Concept: Population Density

b) The Ganga plains

[Solution Description]

The Ganga plains are among the most densely populated areas in the world due to their fertile land and suitability for agriculture, which supports a large population.

Key Concept: Population Distribution

c) Dense vegetation and high humidity

[Solution Description]

Equatorial forests are characterized by dense vegetation, high humidity, and challenging living conditions. These factors hinder large-scale human settlement, making these regions sparsely populated.

Key Concept: Uneven Population Distribution

c) Geographical and environmental factors lead to uneven population distribution

[Solution Description]

The syllabus states that the distribution of population in the world is extremely uneven. Some areas are very crowded, such as south and southeast Asia, Europe, and northeastern North America, while very few people live in high latitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains, and areas of equatorial forests. This uneven distribution is primarily due to geographical and environmental factors.

Key Concept: Population Density

d) 30 per cent of the land surface

[Solution Description]

More than 90 per cent of the world’s population lives in about 30 per cent of the land surface.

Key Concept: Top 10 most populous countries

c) 100 million

[Solution Description]

According to the syllabus, all of the top 10 most populous countries have more than 100 million people each. Therefore, the minimum population required for a country to be in this list is 100 million.

Key Concept: Population Density

b) 2,500 persons per square km

[Solution Description]

To find the population density, divide the total population by the area. The formula is:

$\text{Population Density} = \frac{\text{Total Population}}{\text{Area}}$

Substituting the given values:

$\text{Population Density} = \frac{500,000}{200} = 2,500 \, \text{persons per square km}$

Key Concept: Population Density

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the average population density of the world is 51 persons per square km, which is a factual statement according to the syllabus. The reason explains how population density is calculated, which is also correct. However, the reason does not directly explain why the average density is 51 persons per square km. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Density Formula

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the population density of a region can be calculated using the formula $\text{Population density} = \frac{\text{Total population}}{\text{Land area}}$. This is correct because the formula is used to determine how many people live in a given area, which is the definition of population density. The reason explains that population density measures how crowded an area is, which is also correct. However, the reason does not directly explain why the formula is used to calculate population density; it simply describes what population density represents. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Density Formula

b) 500 persons per square km

[Solution Description]

To calculate the population density, we use the formula:

$\text{Population density} = \frac{\text{Total population}}{\text{Land area}}$

Given the total population is 50,000 and the land area is 100 $\text{km}^2$, we substitute these values into the formula:

$\text{Population density} = \frac{50,000}{100} = 500$

Therefore, the population density is 500 persons per square kilometer.

Key Concept: Global average population density

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion that the global average population density is $51$ persons per square km is correct as per the syllabus. However, the reason provided states that South Central Asia has the highest density and that it contributes significantly to the global average. While South Central Asia indeed has a high population density, it alone does not determine the global average, which is influenced by all regions worldwide. Therefore, the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Density of India

c) 382 persons per square km

[Solution Description] The average population density of India is given as $382$ persons per square km.

Key Concept: Factors Affecting Population, Economic Factors

c) 600

[Solution Description]

First, calculate the new population after the 20\% increase. The increase is $50,000 \times 0.2 = 10,000$ people. Therefore, the new population is $50,000 + 10,000 = 60,000$ people. The new population density is $\frac{60,000}{100} = 600$ persons per square km.

Key Concept: Population Density, Geographical Factors

c) 8,000,000

[Solution Description]

First, calculate the area of the neighboring region. Since it is 20\% less than the first region, the area is $25,000 \times 0.8 = 20,000$ square km. Now, using the population density formula, Population = Density $\times$ Area, the population of the neighboring region is $400 \times 20,000 = 8,000,000$ people.

Key Concept: Factors Affecting Population Distribution

a) Availability of fresh water

[Solution Description]

River valleys are preferred over deserts because they provide essential resources such as fresh water, fertile soil for agriculture, and favorable climatic conditions. These factors make river valleys suitable for farming, settlement, and economic activities, leading to higher population densities.

Key Concept: Population Density Concept

b) 51 persons per square km

[Solution Description]

The average population density of the world is given as 51 persons per square km.

Key Concept: Population Density, Geographical Factors, Economic Factors

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description]

The Ganga plains are densely populated due to their fertile soil and availability of water, which supports agriculture and attracts people for settlement. On the other hand, Osaka is an industrial region, which also attracts a large population due to employment opportunities. However, the assertion that the Ganga plains are more densely populated than Osaka is false because both regions have high population densities, but the reasons for their densities are different. The reason provided correctly explains the factors contributing to the population density in both regions but does not justify the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Density

b) 51 persons per square km

[Solution Description]

The average population density of the world is given directly in the syllabus as 51 persons per square km.

Key Concept: Population Density, Factors Affecting Distribution of Population

c) 360 persons per square km

[Solution Description]

First, calculate the current population density of the region using the formula:

$\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Population}}{\text{Area}}$

Substituting the given values:

$\text{Density} = \frac{15,000,000}{50,000} = 300 \text{ persons per square km}$

Next, calculate the increase in population density due to migration:

$\text{Increase} = 300 \times 0.20 = 60 \text{ persons per square km}$

Finally, add the increase to the initial density to find the new population density:

$\text{New Density} = 300 + 60 = 360 \text{ persons per square km}$

Key Concept: Population Density, India’s population density

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the population density of India is significantly higher than the global average due to its large population size. This is true because the average density of population in India is 382 persons per square km, which is much higher than the global average of 51 persons per square km. The reason states that South Central Asia has the highest density of population followed by East and South East Asia. This is also true as per the syllabus. However, the reason does not directly explain why India's population density is higher than the global average. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Topography, Climate, Soil

a) Ganga Plains

[Solution Description]

The Ganga plains in India are characterized by fertile soil, a moderate climate, and flat topography, making them highly suitable for agriculture and habitation. This combination of factors leads to a high population density. In contrast, regions like the Sahara desert (extreme climate), the Himalayas (rugged terrain), and the polar regions (extreme cold) have low population densities due to their unfavorable conditions.

Key Concept: Geographical Factors: Topography

a) Ganga Plains

[Solution Description]

People prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateaus because plains are suitable for farming, manufacturing, and service activities. The Ganga plains are the most densely populated areas of the world due to their flat and fertile land.

Key Concept: Soil, Water

c) The fertile soil and abundant freshwater resources.

[Solution Description]

Fertile soil supports agriculture, which is essential for food production and economic activities. Abundant freshwater resources are crucial for drinking, irrigation, and other daily needs. These factors make river valleys attractive for settlement, leading to a rapid increase in population. Therefore, the combination of fertile soil and abundant freshwater resources is the primary reason for the population growth in the river valley.

Key Concept: Topography

c) Ganga Plains

[Solution Description]

The Ganga plains are known to be one of the most densely populated areas in the world because they are suitable for farming, manufacturing, and service activities. Therefore, the correct answer is the Ganga plains.

Key Concept: Topography, Population Distribution

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Ganga plains are densely populated because of fertile land and access to water resources. This is true as the Ganga plains are known for their agricultural productivity and availability of water, which supports a large population. The reason given is that plains are preferred over mountains and plateaus for human settlement due to their suitability for farming, manufacturing, and service activities. This is also true because plains provide flat land, which is easier to develop and sustain economic activities compared to mountainous regions. However, the reason does not directly explain why the Ganga plains specifically are densely populated; it only explains the general preference for plains. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Topography

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that people prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateaus, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason provided is that plains are suitable for farming, manufacturing, and service activities, which also aligns with the syllabus. Additionally, the reason correctly explains why people prefer plains over mountains and plateaus. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Geographical Factors

c) Extreme cold temperatures

[Solution Description]

Polar regions experience extremely cold temperatures, making them inhospitable for human habitation. The harsh climate, lack of arable land, and limited access to resources contribute to the sparse population in these areas.

Key Concept: Climate, Population Distribution

b) Sahara Desert

[Solution Description]

Extreme climates such as deserts and polar regions are characterized by very hot or very cold temperatures, making them inhospitable for human habitation. The Sahara Desert and the polar regions of Russia, Canada, and Antarctica are examples of such areas. These regions have low population densities due to the harsh living conditions.

Key Concept: Examples of Fertile Plains

c) Amazon Rainforest

[Solution Description] Fertile plains like the Ganga-Brahmaputra, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang, and the Nile are known for high population density due to agriculture. The Amazon Rainforest is not a fertile plain.

Key Concept: Soil Fertility, Population Distribution

b) Agricultural productivity

[Solution Description]

Fertile soil supports agriculture, which provides food security and economic opportunities. This leads to higher population density as people settle in areas where they can sustain their livelihoods through farming. Tourism potential, mineral resources, and industrial development are not directly linked to soil fertility.

Key Concept: Water Availability

b) Due to availability of fresh water[Solution Description]River valleys provide easy access to fresh water, which is essential for drinking, agriculture, and other daily activities. This makes them highly suitable for human settlement.

Key Concept: Water Availability, Desert Regions

c) Scarcity of fresh water

[Solution Description]

The Sahara Desert has one of the lowest population densities primarily due to the scarcity of fresh water. Water is essential for human survival, and desert regions like the Sahara experience extreme aridity, with very little rainfall and few natural water sources. This lack of water makes it difficult to sustain human life, agriculture, and livestock, leading to sparse population distribution. Other factors such as extreme temperatures and harsh living conditions also contribute to the low population density, but the primary reason is the limited availability of fresh water.

Key Concept: Minerals and Population Distribution

b) Availability of job opportunities

[Solution Description] Diamond mines in South Africa have created numerous job opportunities, attracting people to settle in those areas for employment. This is a direct result of how mineral-rich areas can influence population distribution.

Key Concept: Minerals and Population Distribution

b) Middle East

[Solution Description] The Middle East is well-known for its vast oil reserves, which have led to economic development and attracted a large population to settle in the region. This is a prime example of how mineral resources can influence population distribution.

Key Concept: Social, Economic Factors

c) A city with advanced healthcare, education, and numerous job opportunities

[Solution Description]

To solve this question, we need to identify a scenario that combines both social factors (better housing, education, and health facilities) and economic factors (employment opportunities). Considering the syllabus examples, Pune is highlighted for better housing, education, and health facilities, while Mumbai is known for employment opportunities. Therefore, a scenario combining these aspects would likely lead to high population density.

Key Concept: Social, Cultural and Economic Factors

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that areas with better education facilities tend to be more densely populated. This is true as people often move to such areas for better opportunities. The reason given is that better education facilities attract people seeking an improved quality of life. This is also true and directly explains why such areas are densely populated. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Economic Factors

b) Availability of jobs

[Solution Description]

Social factors affecting population distribution include better housing, healthcare, and education. Availability of jobs is an economic factor, not a social one.

Key Concept: Population Density

c) The classroom is smaller in area than the assembly hall

[Solution Description]

The classroom appears crowded because its area is smaller compared to the assembly hall. Population density increases when the same number of people occupies a smaller space.

Key Concept: Cultural Factors

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Varanasi is considered one of the holiest cities in Hinduism, attracting pilgrims and settlers due to its religious importance. This aligns with the assertion that it has a high population density because of its religious significance. The reason states that places with religious or cultural significance often attract a large number of people, which is a general truth and correctly explains why Varanasi has a high population density.

Key Concept: Cultural Factors: Religious/cultural significance attracts people

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that Varanasi attracts a large number of pilgrims and tourists due to its religious significance. This is true because Varanasi is one of the holiest cities in Hinduism, attracting millions of visitors annually. The reason states that the religious and cultural significance of a place can lead to higher population density in that area. This is also true as places with significant religious or cultural importance often have higher populations due to continuous influx of people for pilgrimage, tourism, or settlement. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as the high population density in Varanasi is directly linked to its religious significance. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Economic Factors

b) Industrial growth

[Solution Description]

Cities like Mumbai have a high population primarily because they are major industrial centers. The presence of industries provides job opportunities, attracting people from various regions.

Key Concept: Economic Factors

b) Mumbai

[Solution Description]

The question asks for a city known for its dense population due to industrial and business opportunities. Mumbai in India and Osaka in Japan are two such cities that fit this description. Among the options, Mumbai is listed.

Key Concept: Population Change

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the world's population has increased significantly since 1800 due to a rise in the natural growth rate. This is true because, as mentioned in the syllabus, better food supplies and medicine have led to a reduction in deaths while the number of births remained high, resulting in an increased natural growth rate. The reason explains that the natural growth rate is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate, which is also correct as per the syllabus. Moreover, the Reason correctly explains why the Assertion is true, as the increase in natural growth rate directly leads to population growth.

Key Concept: Population Change

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion (A) states that the population of a country increases when the birth rate is higher than the death rate. This is true because when more people are born than those who die, the population naturally grows.

The reason (R) states that the natural growth rate of a population is determined by the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. This is also true as the natural growth rate is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.

Now, let's analyze the relationship between the assertion and the reason. The reason correctly explains why the assertion is true. If the birth rate is higher than the death rate, it results in a positive natural growth rate, which leads to an increase in population. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Change

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the population explosion in the 20th century was primarily due to an increase in the birth rate. However, according to the syllabus, the main reason for the population explosion was not an increase in birth rate but rather a decrease in death rates due to better food supplies and medicine. The reason provided correctly explains that better food supplies and medicine reduced the death rate, which led to a higher natural growth rate. Therefore, the assertion is false, but the reason is true.

Key Concept: Population Explosion

b) 1959

[Solution Description] According to the syllabus, the world's population reached 3 billion in 1959. This period is often referred to as the population explosion.

Key Concept: Birth Rate, Death Rate, Population Steady

c) 8 per 1,000 people

[Solution Description]

For the population to remain steady, the birth rate must equal the death rate. Therefore, the birth rate should be 8 per 1,000 people.

Key Concept: Population Change, Migration

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the population of a country can decrease even if the birth rate is higher than the death rate. This is true because population change is influenced not only by birth and death rates but also by migration. If a significant number of people emigrate from a country, the population can decrease despite a positive natural growth rate (birth rate > death rate). The reason states that emigration can lead to a reduction in population size regardless of the natural growth rate. This is also true because emigration directly reduces the population by removing individuals from the country, independent of the birth and death rates. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as emigration is the key factor that can cause a population decrease even when the birth rate exceeds the death rate.

Key Concept: Birth Rate, Population Growth

c) 329,000

[Solution Description]

First, calculate the number of births per year using the birth rate formula:

$\text{Births per Year} = \left( \frac{\text{Birth Rate}}{1,000} \right) \times \text{Population Growth}$

Since the population increases, we need to consider the average population over the 10 years:

$\text{Average Population} = \frac{2.2 + 2.5}{2} = 2.35 \text{ million}$

Now, calculate the number of births per year:

$\text{Births per Year} = \left( \frac{14}{1,000} \right) \times 2,350,000$

Simplifying:

$0.014 \times 2,350,000 = 32,900$

Multiply by 10 years to get the total number of births:

$32,900 \times 10 = 329,000$

Therefore, the total number of births expected over the next 10 years is 329,000.

Key Concept: Population Change, Birth Rate

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the world population increased rapidly after the 1800s primarily due to a significant decrease in death rates. This is true because, as mentioned in the syllabus, better food supplies and medicine reduced deaths significantly during this period. The reason states that improvements in food supplies and medicine led to a reduction in deaths, while birth rates remained high. This is also true and directly explains why the population increased rapidly. Thus, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Death Rate, Life Expectancy

b) 200,000

[Solution Description]

The death rate is given as 10 per 1,000 people. To find the number of deaths in a year, multiply the death rate by the total population and divide by 1,000:

Number of Deaths = $\frac{10}{1,000} \times 20,000,000 = 200,000$.

Key Concept: Population Change

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description]

The natural growth rate of a population is calculated as the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. While the death rate, which measures the number of deaths per 1,000 people, is an important factor, it is not the sole determinant of the natural growth rate. The birth rate also plays a significant role. Therefore, the assertion that the natural growth rate is determined solely by the death rate is incorrect. However, the reason provided about the definition of the death rate and its influence on the natural growth rate is true. Hence, the assertion is false, but the reason is true.

Key Concept: Population Change

c) Migration

[Solution Description]

The natural causes of population change are births and deaths. Migration, while affecting population size, is not considered a natural cause but rather a social one.

Key Concept: Migration, Population Change

b) Increase of 500,000 people

[Solution Description]

To find the net migration effect, subtract the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants. Net migration = Immigrants - Emigrants = 2,000,000 - 1,500,000 = 500,000. The net migration effect is an increase of 500,000 people.

Key Concept: Population Explosion

b) 1.74\%

[Solution Description]

To calculate the average annual population growth rate, we use the formula:

$\text{Growth Rate} = \left( \frac{\text{Final Population}}{\text{Initial Population}} \right)^{\frac{1}{\text{Number of Years}}} - 1$

Given:

$\text{Initial Population} = 3 \text{ billion}, \quad \text{Final Population} = 6 \text{ billion}, \quad \text{Number of Years} = 40$

Substituting the values:

$\text{Growth Rate} = \left( \frac{6}{3} \right)^{\frac{1}{40}} - 1 = 2^{\frac{1}{40}} - 1$

Calculating $2^{\frac{1}{40}}$:

$2^{\frac{1}{40}} \approx 1.0174$

Therefore, the growth rate is approximately:

$1.0174 - 1 = 0.0174 \text{ or } 1.74\%$

Key Concept: Natural Growth Rate

c) 15 per 1,000 people

[Solution Description]

The natural growth rate is calculated as the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

$\text{Natural Growth Rate} = \text{Birth Rate} - \text{Death Rate}$

Substituting the given values:

$\text{Natural Growth Rate} = 25 - 10 = 15$

Therefore, the natural growth rate is 15 per 1,000 people.

Key Concept: Population Change, Natural Growth Rate

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the world population grew slowly until the 1800s because high birth rates were offset by high death rates. This is true as historical records show that while many babies were born, they died early due to poor health conditions and insufficient food supplies. The reason given is that during this period, there were inadequate health facilities and food production. This is also true as these factors directly contributed to high death rates. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as insufficient health facilities and food production led to high mortality rates, which offset high birth rates, resulting in slow population growth.

Key Concept: Population Growth, Health Facilities

b) 10 per 1,000

[Solution Description]

The population growth rate is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. Initially, the birth rate is 20 per 1,000 and the death rate is reduced from 15 to 10 per 1,000. So, the new population growth rate is $20 - 10 = 10$ per 1,000.

Key Concept: Population Growth

c) Better healthcare and food supply

[Solution Description]

The primary reason for the rapid population growth after 1959 was the improvement in healthcare and food supply. Better healthcare led to a decrease in the death rate, while better food supply ensured that more people survived, leading to a higher natural growth rate.

Key Concept: Population Change, Natural Growth Rate

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the world population growth rate post-1959 was primarily due to a significant decrease in the death rate. This is true because, as per the syllabus, better healthcare and food supply reduced deaths significantly. The reason states that improved healthcare and food supply led to a reduction in the death rate, while the birth rate remained relatively high. This is also true and directly explains why the population growth rate increased. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Change Factors

c) Migration

[Solution Description]

The natural causes of population change are births and deaths. Migration, which is the movement of people in and out of an area, is not considered a natural cause of population change but rather a demographic factor.

Therefore, migration is not a natural cause of population change.

Key Concept: Population explosion

d) 6 billion

[Solution Description]

The world's population in 1999 was 6 billion. This marked a doubling of the population from 3 billion in 1959.

Key Concept: Population Change

b) Reduction in deaths and high birth rates

[Solution Description]

The main reason for the rapid increase in the world's population since the 1800s is the reduction in deaths due to better food supplies and medicine, while the number of births remained fairly high. This led to a higher natural growth rate.

Key Concept: Natural Growth Rate

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the natural growth rate is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate, which is correct as per the definition provided in the syllabus. The reason explains that the natural growth rate determines the population change due to births and deaths, which is also correct and directly explains the assertion. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Growth Patterns

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that in countries like Kenya, the population is increasing rapidly because the birth rate is higher than the death rate. This is true as per the syllabus, which mentions that high birth rates and decreasing death rates lead to population growth.

The reason claims that improving healthcare has led to a decrease in death rates while birth rates remain high. This is also true and directly explains why the birth rate remains higher than the death rate.

Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Steady, Immigration, Emigration

b) 0 per 1,000

[Solution Description]

For the population to remain steady, the natural increase (birth rate minus death rate) must be zero, which it already is in this case. Therefore, the net migration rate must also be zero to maintain the steady population of 5 million.

Key Concept: Population Pyramid and Growth Rates

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that Kenya's population pyramid is broad at the base and narrows rapidly towards the top. This is true because Kenya has high birth rates, which result in a large number of children, making the base of the pyramid broad. The reason provided explains that although many children are born, a large percentage die in infancy, leading to fewer adults and very few old people. This is also true and correctly explains why the pyramid narrows towards the top.

Key Concept: Birth Rate, Death Rate, Population Steady

b) Population steady

[Solution Description]

When the birth rate equals the death rate, the population remains steady. Here, both rates are 9 per 1000, and there is no immigration or emigration. Therefore, the population will stay the same.

Key Concept: Population Stability \& Decline

b) Population decreases

[Solution Description]

If the death rate is higher than the birth rate, more people are dying than being born. This leads to a decrease in the population over time.

Key Concept: Population Change, Birth Rate, Death Rate

c) 25 per thousand

[Solution Description]

The natural growth rate is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. Given the birth rate is 35 per thousand and the death rate is 10 per thousand, the natural growth rate is:

$35 - 10 = 25 \text{ per thousand}$

Key Concept: Population Steady

c) Population remains the same

[Solution Description]

When the birth rate and death rate are equal, the population remains steady. Here, both birth rate and death rate are 15 per 1000 people, so the population will not increase or decrease.

Key Concept: Population Decease

b) -3 per 1,000

[Solution Description]

The natural growth rate is calculated as the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. Here, the birth rate is 12 per 1,000 and the death rate is 15 per 1,000. So, the natural growth rate is:

$12 - 15 = -3$ per 1,000.

Key Concept: Population Composition

b) Low birth rate

[Solution Description]

A narrow base in a population pyramid indicates a low birth rate. This means that fewer children are being born relative to the total population. Countries with low birth rates, such as Japan, typically have a narrow base in their population pyramids.

Key Concept: Literacy Rate, Occupational Structure

b) The country has a developed economy

[Solution Description]

A high literacy rate of 95\% indicates that the country has a well-educated population, which is a key factor for economic development. The majority of the workforce being employed in the tertiary sector suggests that the country has a developed economy, as the tertiary sector typically dominates in advanced economies. Therefore, it can be inferred that the country is economically developed.

Key Concept: Sex Ratio

b) Number of females per 1,000 males

[Solution Description]

The sex ratio represents the number of females per 1,000 males in a population. It provides insights into the gender distribution within the population.

Key Concept: Dependents

b) Individuals aged below 15 years

[Solution Description]

Young dependents are individuals aged below 15 years. They are part of the dependent population in a country.

Key Concept: Population Composition - Education Levels

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the literacy rate is an important indicator of the population composition, which is true as it reflects the educational levels of the population. The reason explains that literacy rates provide information about the educational levels of the population, which is also true and directly explains why literacy rate is an important indicator of population composition.

Key Concept: Income Levels

b) To understand the economic status and purchasing power

[Solution Description] Studying income levels helps in understanding the economic status, purchasing power, and standard of living of the population. It provides insights into the distribution of wealth and economic disparities.

Key Concept: Economic Development, Population Composition

c) Highly economically developed

[Solution Description]

A country with a high literacy rate indicates a well-educated population, which is crucial for economic development. The tertiary sector, which includes services like healthcare, education, and finance, often contributes more to the economy in developed countries than primary or secondary sectors. Therefore, a country with these characteristics is likely to be economically developed.

Key Concept: Sex Ratio, Health Condition

b) Labor force participation and economic growth

[Solution Description]

A high sex ratio (more males than females) combined with poor health conditions can lead to a demographic imbalance and reduced productivity. This affects the labor force, education, and healthcare systems, making it difficult to achieve sustainable development.

Key Concept: Population Pyramid Basics

c) Number of children

[Solution Description]

The base of a population pyramid represents the number of children (below 15 years) in the population. It reflects the level of births in the country.

Key Concept: Definition

c) Distribution of age and gender

[Solution Description]

A population pyramid, also known as an age-sex pyramid, is a graphical representation of the distribution of various age groups in a population, subdivided into males and females. The shape of the pyramid provides insights into birth rates, death rates, and the dependency ratio within a population.

Key Concept: Population Pyramid Structure

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that a population pyramid with a broad base and rapid narrowing towards the top indicates high birth and death rates. This is true because a broad base represents a large number of children (high birth rate), while the rapid narrowing towards the top indicates a high death rate, especially among infants, resulting in fewer adults and very few elderly people. The reason explains why this is the case: high birth rates lead to many children being born, but high death rates mean that many of these children do not survive to adulthood, resulting in a small number of adults and elderly. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Pyramid

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The shape of the population pyramid provides insights into the demographic structure of a country. A broad base in the pyramid indicates a high number of children (below 15 years), which is directly linked to high birth rates. This is because more children are born when the birth rate is high. Therefore, the assertion that a broad base indicates a high birth rate is true. The reason states that the broad base reflects a large number of children, which is indeed a result of high birth rates. Hence, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Population Pyramid

c) High birth rate and high death rate

[Solution Description]

A population pyramid with a broad base and a narrow top indicates a high birth rate and a high death rate, especially among infants. This means that although many children are born, a large percentage of them die in infancy, and relatively few survive to old age. This is typical of developing countries with limited healthcare and high infant mortality rates.

Key Concept: Population Pyramid

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that the population pyramid of a country with high birth and death rates is broad at the base and narrows rapidly towards the top. This is true because when birth rates are high, there are many children at the base of the pyramid. However, due to high death rates, especially among infants, fewer people survive to adulthood, leading to a rapid narrowing of the pyramid as age increases.

The Reason explains that this shape occurs because many children are born, but a large percentage of them die in infancy, resulting in fewer people reaching old age. This is also true and directly explains why the pyramid narrows towards the top.

Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.