Key Concept: Constitutional Provisions

d) All of the above

[Solution Description]

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. This provision is often invoked by Dalits to seek equality.

Key Concept: Constitution, Strategies of Marginalised Groups

c) Insisting on the enforcement of Fundamental Rights

[Solution Description]

The Constitution provides Fundamental Rights that marginalised groups can invoke to challenge inequalities. One such strategy is insisting on the enforcement of these rights to force the government to recognise and address injustices faced by marginalised communities.

Key Concept: Article 15, Discrimination

b) It prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth

[Solution Description]

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. This provision has been used by marginalised groups, such as Dalits, to seek equality where it has been denied to them, ensuring their equal treatment under the law.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

a) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution guarantees that no citizen shall be discriminated against on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. This Fundamental Right has been a crucial tool for marginalised groups, especially Dalits, to seek equality and challenge discrimination in various spheres of life.

Key Concept: Confronting Marginalisation, Fundamental Rights

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Marginalised groups in India, such as Dalits, Adivasis, and women, have historically faced discrimination and exclusion. To address these issues, they have invoked the Constitution, particularly the Fundamental Rights, to demand equality and justice. Article 17 abolishes untouchability, and Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on caste, religion, race, sex, or place of birth. These constitutional provisions empower marginalised groups to challenge injustices and seek legal remedies. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains how the assertion is achieved through the Constitution.

Key Concept: Religious Solace

c) Birth in a bloody womb challenges purity

[Solution Description]

Soyrabai's poem questions the idea of purity by arguing that every human is born in the same manner, making no body inherently more or less pure. She suggests that pollution comes from within, through thoughts, values, and beliefs, rather than external factors like caste or occupation.

Key Concept: Armed Struggle

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Armed struggle is indeed a strategy employed by marginalised groups to confront systemic oppression, as mentioned in the syllabus. The Reason states that armed struggle is often chosen when peaceful methods fail to bring about change. This is true because the syllabus highlights that the choice of struggle depends on the circumstances faced by the marginalised. Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Self-improvement through Education

b) Self-improvement through education

[Solution Description] One of the key strategies adopted by marginalised groups to overcome inequality is self-improvement through education. Education empowers them with knowledge and skills, enabling them to secure better opportunities and improve their socio-economic status.

Key Concept: Economic Upliftment, Policy Formulation

b) To ensure equal access to development

[Solution Description]

The primary objective of the government's policies aimed at the economic upliftment of marginalised groups is to ensure their equal access to development opportunities. This includes improving their socio-economic status, providing education, and creating employment opportunities. Hence, the correct answer is to ensure equal access to development.

Key Concept: Invoking Fundamental Rights

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that Dalits can invoke Fundamental Rights to seek justice when they face discrimination. This is true because the Constitution of India grants Fundamental Rights to all citizens, including Dalits, to protect them from discrimination and ensure their equality and dignity. The reason explains that the Constitution provides these rights to ensure equality and justice for all citizens, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why Dalits can invoke Fundamental Rights, as the Constitution explicitly safeguards their rights against discrimination. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Article 17

b) Right to Equality and Prohibition of Untouchability

[Solution Description]

The student can invoke Article 17 of the Constitution, which abolishes untouchability and prohibits any form of discrimination based on caste. This article ensures that no one can prevent Dalits from using public facilities. Therefore, the student's right to equality and access to public facilities is being violated, and he can legally challenge the librarian's actions.

Key Concept: Cultural and Educational Rights

b) They ensure preservation and protection of minority cultures

[Solution Description]

Cultural and educational rights ensure that minority groups can preserve their distinct cultures and make decisions on how to protect them. These rights prevent the culture of minority groups from being dominated or wiped out by the majority community, thereby ensuring cultural justice.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Article 15

c) Right against Discrimination

[Solution Description]

The woman is being discriminated against based on her caste, which violates Article 15 of the Constitution. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Therefore, she can invoke Article 15 to seek justice.

Key Concept: Invoking Fundamental Rights

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution explicitly prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Dalits, as a marginalized group, have used this article to fight against caste-based discrimination. The assertion correctly states that Article 15 has been a tool for Dalits to seek equality. The reason explains how Dalits have invoked this article to challenge discriminatory practices and ensure that the government enforces laws protecting their Fundamental Rights. Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason provides a correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

c) Discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth

[Solution Description]

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. This article has been used by marginalised groups, including Dalits, to seek equality where it has been denied.

Key Concept: Article 15

b) Religion, Race, Caste, Sex, Place of birth

[Solution Description]

Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It ensures equality for all citizens without any form of discrimination.

Key Concept: Invoking Fundamental Rights

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was enacted to address the violent treatment faced by Dalits and tribal groups. This is true because the Act was specifically designed to prevent atrocities against these marginalized communities and provide them with legal protection. The Reason states that this Act was a direct response to the demands made by assertive Dalit groups who refused to perform caste duties and insisted on equal treatment. This is also true as the Act was indeed framed in response to the demands of Dalit groups who sought stringent punishment for violence against them. Furthermore, the Reason correctly explains the Assertion because the Act was directly influenced by the struggles and demands of these groups to end their humiliation and exploitation.

Key Concept: 1989 Act Provisions

b) Punishing those who forcibly remove clothes or parade members naked.

[Solution Description]

The 1989 Act includes provisions that protect the dignity of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by penalizing actions that are physically horrific and morally reprehensible. One such provision is the punishment for forcibly removing clothes from a member of these communities or parading them naked, which is an act that severely violates human dignity.

Key Concept: Laws for the Marginalised

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the reservation policy in India aims to provide opportunities for education and employment to Dalits and Adivasis. This is true as the reservation policy specifically reserves seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these communities. The reason given is that for centuries, sections of the population have been denied opportunities to learn and develop new skills, which necessitates government intervention. This is also true and directly explains why the reservation policy was implemented. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Government Schemes, Marginalised Communities

b) By offering free or subsidized hostels for Dalit and Adivasi students

[Solution Description] The government promotes social justice by implementing specific schemes aimed at marginalised communities, such as Dalits and Adivasis. These schemes include providing free or subsidized hostels for students from these communities, ensuring they have access to educational facilities that may not be available in their localities. This helps bridge the gap in opportunities and promotes social equity.

Key Concept: Caste Certificates

b) To avail the benefit of reservation

[Solution Description]

Students need to furnish caste or tribe certificates to prove their eligibility for reservation benefits. Only candidates from listed castes or tribes can avail of these benefits.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy, Fundamental Rights, Social Justice

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The Assertion states that the reservation policy in India is a form of affirmative action aimed at ensuring social justice for marginalized communities. This is true because the reservation policy provides opportunities in education and employment for Dalits, Adivasis, and other backward classes who have historically been denied these opportunities. The Reason mentions that the Constitution of India provides Fundamental Rights that guarantee equality and prohibit discrimination based on caste. This is also true as Articles 15 and 17 of the Constitution explicitly prohibit discrimination and abolish untouchability. However, while the Fundamental Rights provide the legal framework for equality, the reservation policy is a specific implementation aimed at addressing historical injustices. Therefore, the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Key Concept: Promoting Social Justice, Marginalised Communities

c) It ensures access to education facilities for marginalised students

[Solution Description]

The initiative of providing free or subsidised hostels for Dalit and Adivasi students contributes to promoting social justice by ensuring access to education facilities that may not be available in their localities. This helps in reducing educational disparities and provides equal opportunities for students from marginalized communities to pursue their education, thereby fostering social equity.

Key Concept: Promoting Social Justice

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the government provides free or subsidised hostels for Dalit and Adivasi students to promote social justice. This is true as the government implements such schemes to ensure equal opportunities for education among marginalised communities. The reason given is that free or subsidised hostels ensure that students from these communities can access educational facilities not available in their localities. This is also true and directly explains why the government provides such hostels. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Promoting Social Justice

b) Dalit and Adivasi communities

[Solution Description] The government’s scheme of free or subsidised hostels primarily targets Dalit and Adivasi communities. This initiative aims to support these marginalised groups by providing them with better access to education.

Key Concept: Special Scholarships

b) To provide financial assistance for education

[Solution Description]

The primary purpose of special scholarships for students from marginalised communities is to provide financial assistance, enabling them to pursue their education without financial constraints. This helps in addressing historical inequalities and promoting social justice.

Key Concept: Special police stations, Marginalised communities

b) To protect the legal rights of marginalised communities

[Solution Description]

Special police stations in areas with high Dalit or Adivasi populations are established to ensure that the legal rights of these marginalised communities are protected. They aim to provide a safe environment where these communities can report crimes without fear of discrimination or reprisal.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy, Scholarships

b) They provide financial assistance to students from marginalized communities.

[Solution Description]

Special scholarships help reduce financial barriers to education for students from marginalized communities. By providing financial support, these scholarships enable students to pursue higher education, develop skills, and improve their socio-economic status. This contributes to social justice by creating equal opportunities and reducing historical inequities.

Key Concept: Caste and Tribe Certificates

c) Caste and tribe certificates

[Solution Description] To avail the benefits of the reservation policy, a candidate must provide proof of their caste or tribe status. This proof is typically in the form of caste and tribe certificates, which are issued by the government and verify that the candidate belongs to a Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), or Other Backward Class (OBC).

Key Concept: Cut-off Marks

d) They set the minimum marks required for reservation benefits

[Solution Description] Cut-off marks are minimum marks set by governments that candidates must achieve to qualify for admission under reservation policies. This ensures that only those Dalit and tribal candidates who have performed reasonably well can avail of the reservation benefits, maintaining a balance between access and merit.

Key Concept: Caste Certificates, Government List

c) They verify eligibility for reservation benefits and prevent misuse.

[Solution Description] Caste certificates are essential because they serve as proof of a candidate's caste or tribe status, ensuring that only those who belong to the Scheduled Castes (Dalits), Scheduled Tribes, or backward castes listed by the government can avail of reservation benefits. This verification process prevents misuse of the policy and ensures that its intended beneficiaries receive the opportunities meant for them.

Key Concept: Special schemes, Implementation in tribal areas

c) To provide access to education and essential services for marginalized communities

[Solution Description]

One of the key objectives behind the implementation of special schemes in tribal areas or regions with a high Dalit population is to address the specific needs and challenges faced by these communities. These schemes aim to provide access to education, healthcare, and other essential services that may not be readily available in these areas. By offering free or subsidized hostels for students from Dalit and Adivasi communities, the government ensures that they can pursue education without facing the barriers of distance and lack of infrastructure. This helps in bridging the gap between these marginalized communities and the rest of society, promoting social justice and inclusive development.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy

b) Scheduled Castes (Dalits)

[Solution Description]

The reservation policy in India is designed to provide opportunities to historically marginalized communities such as Scheduled Castes (Dalits), Scheduled Tribes, and backward castes. These communities have been denied access to education and employment for centuries. Therefore, they are the primary beneficiaries of the reservation policy.

Key Concept: Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013

c) To prohibit manual scavenging and rehabilitate affected individuals

[Solution Description]

The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, was enacted to eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and to rehabilitate those engaged in this dehumanizing occupation. The law prohibits the employment of manual scavengers and the construction of dry latrines, aiming to eradicate this social evil.

Key Concept: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was indeed enacted to address the violent treatment faced by Dalits and tribal groups. This is true as the Act was created in response to the rising violence against these communities during the late 1970s and 1980s. The reason provided is also true because Dalit groups demanded new laws that would list various forms of violence against them and prescribe stringent punishments. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion as the demand from Dalit groups directly led to the enactment of this Act.

Key Concept: Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006

b) Right to homestead and cultivable land

[Solution Description]

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006 recognizes the right to homestead, cultivable and grazing land, and non-timber forest produce for forest dwellers. It also emphasizes their role in the conservation of forests and bio-diversity.

Key Concept: Constitutional Rights of Tribal People

c) Right to re-possess their land if sold to non-tribal people

[Solution Description]

The Constitution guarantees that land belonging to tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has happened, tribal people have the right to re-possess their land.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy and Social Justice

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The reservation policy in India is indeed aimed at providing equal opportunities to historically marginalized communities such as Dalits and Adivasis. This is done through reserved seats in educational institutions and government jobs. The reason provided correctly explains the assertion, as the reservation policy was introduced due to the historical denial of opportunities to these communities over centuries. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Promoting Social Justice

d) To ensure access to education facilities

[Solution Description] The primary objective of setting up free or subsidized hostels for Dalit and Adivasi students is to provide them with educational facilities that may not be available in their localities, thereby promoting social justice and equality.

Key Concept: Special Scholarships, Reservation Policy

c) To provide financial support to marginalized students.

[Solution Description]

Special scholarships under the reservation policy aim to provide financial assistance to students from marginalized communities, enabling them to access education and develop new skills. This aligns with the policy's goal of addressing historical inequities and promoting social justice.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy, Caste Certificates

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the reservation policy ensures that only those Dalit and tribal candidates who secure marks above the cut-off point can avail of the benefits. This is true because the reservation policy indeed sets a minimum performance threshold, known as the cut-off marks, to qualify for reservation benefits. The reason provided is that governments define cut-off marks to ensure that only candidates who have performed reasonably well in their examinations are eligible for reservation benefits. This is also true as the definition of cut-off marks is a mechanism to filter candidates and ensure that only those who meet the required academic standards can access the reservation benefits. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as the purpose of defining cut-off marks is directly linked to ensuring that only deserving candidates benefit from the reservation policy.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy

c) Caste and tribe certificates

[Solution Description]

SC/ST candidates must furnish proof of their caste or tribe status through caste and tribe certificates to avail reservation benefits.

Key Concept: Reservation in Education

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the cut-off marks for SC/ST candidates are set lower than those for general category candidates to ensure their representation in educational institutions. This is true as it is a well-documented policy in India aimed at providing equal opportunities to historically marginalized communities. The reason given is that the lower cut-off marks are a form of affirmative action aimed at addressing historical discrimination and social inequalities faced by SC/ST communities. This is also true and directly explains why the cut-off marks are set lower for these groups. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy

c) To ensure social justice for marginalized communities

[Solution Description]

The reservation policy aims to provide social justice by ensuring that historically marginalized communities, such as Dalits and Adivasis, have access to opportunities in education and employment. This helps to counteract the centuries of discrimination and lack of opportunities faced by these groups.

Key Concept: Caste Certificate

b) To verify the eligibility of candidates for reservation

[Solution Description]

A caste or tribe certificate is mandatory to verify the applicant's caste or tribe status. This ensures that only eligible candidates from Scheduled Castes (Dalits), Scheduled Tribes, and other backward classes can avail of the reservation benefits as per the government's list.

Key Concept: Social Justice, Government Schemes

b) Providing free or subsidized hostels for Dalit and Adivasi students

[Solution Description]

The government promotes social justice in areas with a high Dalit population by implementing specific schemes such as providing free or subsidized hostels for Dalit and Adivasi students. These hostels enable students to access educational facilities that may not be available in their local areas, thereby helping them to pursue higher education and improve their socio-economic conditions.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy

b) To ensure equal opportunities for marginalized communities

[Solution Description]

The reservation policy in India aims to provide opportunities for historically marginalized communities such as Dalits and Adivasis. The policy ensures that these communities have access to education and government employment, helping to reduce social inequities and promote social justice.

Key Concept: Social Justice

c) Setting up free or subsidized hostels

[Solution Description]

The government provides free or subsidized hostels for students from Dalit and Adivasi communities to ensure they have access to educational facilities.

Key Concept: Promoting Social Justice

b) Offering free or subsidised hostels for Dalit and Adivasi students

[Solution Description]

The government has implemented various schemes to promote social justice and equal opportunities for marginalised communities. One such initiative is the provision of free or subsidised hostels for students from Dalit and Adivasi communities, enabling them to access educational facilities that may not be available in their localities. This aligns with the government's efforts to create equal opportunities for all.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy, Social Justice

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The reservation policy in India is designed to address the historical injustices faced by Dalits and Adivasis. These communities were systematically excluded from education and employment opportunities for centuries due to the caste system. The reservation policy aims to provide them with a fair chance to access education and government jobs, thereby reducing social and economic inequality. This policy is based on the principle of affirmative action, where the government intervenes to level the playing field for marginalized groups. Therefore, the assertion that the reservation policy is a significant step towards reducing inequality is true. The reason provided is also true because it correctly explains that reservation policies aim to provide opportunities to communities that were historically denied these opportunities. Moreover, the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion because it directly links the purpose of reservation policies to the reduction of inequality.

Key Concept: Reservation Policy

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the reservation policy ensures equal opportunities for Dalits and Adivasis in education and employment. This is true as the policy reserves seats for these communities in educational institutions and government jobs, thereby providing them with opportunities that were historically denied.

The reason given is that the reservation policy is necessary due to the historical denial of access to education and employment for certain sections of society. This is also true, as the policy was introduced to address centuries of social and economic inequality faced by Dalits and Adivasis.

Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion, as the historical context justifies the need for such a policy to ensure equality.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Article 17

a) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

Soyrabai’s poem highlights the injustice of untouchability, which is directly addressed by Article 17 of the Constitution. Article 17 abolishes untouchability and makes it a punishable offense. This Fundamental Right ensures that Dalits cannot be denied access to education, temples, or public facilities based on caste. Therefore, the right being challenged is the abolition of untouchability.

Key Concept: Assertion-Reason

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was enacted to address systemic violence and discrimination faced by Dalits and Adivasis. This is true as the Act was specifically designed to protect these marginalized communities from atrocities and violence. The reason given is that Dalits and Adivasis have historically been subjected to humiliation and exploitation, which often escalated into violent acts, necessitating stringent legal measures. This is also true, as the historical context of systemic discrimination and violence against Dalits and Adivasis led to the enactment of this Act. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains why the assertion is true because the Act was a response to the persistent and severe violence faced by these communities.

Key Concept: Crimes under the Act

c) Wrongfully occupying land allotted to a Scheduled Caste member

[Solution Description] The Act lists various crimes, including actions that dispossess Dalits and Adivasis of their resources or force them into slave labour. According to the Act, anyone who wrongfully occupies or cultivates land owned by or allotted to a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe is punishable.

Key Concept: Constitutional Rights of Tribals, Land Re-possession

b) They can re-possess their land

[Solution Description]

The Act confirms the constitutional right of tribal people to re-possess their land if it has been sold to or bought by non-tribal people. This is in line with the constitutional guarantee that prohibits the sale of tribal land to non-tribals and ensures the right of tribal people to reclaim their land.

Key Concept: Assertion-Reason

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was indeed enacted to address the severe and persistent discrimination faced by Dalits and Adivasis. This is supported by the historical context provided in the syllabus, which highlights the violent treatment of these communities in the late 1970s and 1980s. The Act was specifically created in response to the demands of Dalit groups who sought legal protection against violence and humiliation. Therefore, both the Assertion and the Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Historical Context

b) Late 1970s and 1980s

[Solution Description]

The violent character of discrimination against Dalits became more prominent in the late 1970s and 1980s. This period saw the rise of assertive Dalit groups who refused to perform caste duties and demanded equal treatment, leading to increased violence from powerful castes.

Key Concept: Crimes against Dalit and Tribal Women, Humiliation

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 indeed lists specific crimes against Dalit and tribal women, such as assault with the intent to dishonour them. This is mentioned in the syllabus under the section discussing crimes of a specific kind against these women. The Reason states that these crimes are recognized as a distinct category because they involve unique forms of violence and exploitation. This is also supported by the syllabus, which highlights the need for specialized legal attention due to the nature of these crimes. Both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains why the Assertion is true.

Key Concept: Dispossession of resources

b) Cultivating land owned by a Scheduled Tribe member without permission

[Solution Description]

The Act punishes anyone who wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land owned by or allotted to a member of a Scheduled Caste or Tribe, or gets the land allotted to them transferred. This is aimed at protecting their meagre resources from dispossession.

Key Concept: Legal protections under the Act, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities

b) Forced participation in humiliating rituals

[Solution Description]

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 specifically includes provisions that penalize acts of humiliation and degradation against Dalits and Adivasis. Forcing a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe to perform humiliating rituals, such as washing the feet of priests and bathing in the water used for this, falls under these provisions. The Act seeks to protect individuals from being compelled to participate in practices that are derogatory to their dignity. Therefore, Rathnam's refusal to perform the ritual would be protected under the provisions that address forced participation in humiliating acts.

Key Concept: Legal protections under the Act, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities

b) Social boycott and exclusion from the community

[Solution Description]

Ostracism refers to the exclusion of a person or group from society by the powerful castes or community members. In Rathnam's case, ostracism meant that his family was socially boycotted, and no one was allowed to speak or work with them. This form of social exclusion is a method used by dominant castes to punish those who challenge caste-based norms and practices. The Act recognizes such forms of social boycott as a crime against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, as it aims to protect them from all forms of discrimination and social injustice.

Key Concept: Non-Straightforward Path, Conceptual Complexity

c) Fear of economic and social retribution from the powerful castes.

[Solution Description]

Other Dalit families refrained from supporting Rathnam due to fear of retribution from the powerful castes. Many of them depended on these castes for their livelihood as daily-wage laborers. They feared economic and social ostracism, such as loss of employment or further violence, if they supported Rathnam. Additionally, there was a superstitious belief that refusing to follow traditional practices could invoke the wrath of the local deity.

Key Concept: Multi-step Solutions, Advanced Reasoning

b) He believed in the power of legal systems to address injustice.

[Solution Description]

Rathnam’s decision to file a case signifies his belief in the legal system as a means to challenge caste-based discrimination and violence. Instead of accepting the status quo or resorting to violent retaliation, he chose to use the law to assert his rights and seek justice. This approach reflects his understanding of legal recourse as a tool for social change.

Key Concept: Morally Reprehensible Acts, Crimes against Dalits and Adivasis

b) Forcing a member of a Scheduled Tribe to eat an inedible substance

[Solution Description]

The 1989 Act lists several morally reprehensible acts, including forcing a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe to consume inedible or obnoxious substances, forcibly removing their clothes, parading them naked, or committing any act that is derogatory to human dignity. These actions are considered hideous and repugnant, violating societal norms of decency and dignity.

Key Concept: Constitutional Rights, 1989 Act, Forced Evictions

c) To compensate and rehabilitate the displaced Adivasis

[Solution Description]

The 1989 Act emphasizes that Adivasis who have been forcibly evicted from their traditional lands should be compensated. The government is responsible for creating plans and policies to rehabilitate them and provide alternative livelihoods. This is crucial because governments often spend significant amounts on industrial projects but hesitate to allocate funds for the rehabilitation of displaced Adivasis.

Key Concept: Forest Rights Act, 2006

b) To recognize the rights of forest dwellers to land and resources

[Solution Description]

The 2006 Act aims to undo historical injustices by recognizing the rights of forest-dwelling populations to land and resources. It grants them the right to homestead, cultivable and grazing land, and non-timber forest produce.

Key Concept: Forest Rights Act 2006, Conservation

c) To recognize land rights and conserve forests and biodiversity

[Solution Description]

The Forest Rights Act 2006 serves a dual purpose: it aims to undo historical injustices by recognizing the rights of forest-dwelling populations to land and resources, including homestead, cultivable, and grazing land, and non-timber forest produce. Simultaneously, it also emphasizes the conservation of forests and biodiversity, ensuring that these populations contribute to sustainable environmental practices while securing their livelihoods.

Key Concept: Constitutional Provisions for Tribal Land

b) Fifth Schedule

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution guarantees the right of tribal people to re-possess their land if it has been sold to non-tribal people. This provision is part of the Fifth Schedule, which deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. It ensures that tribal land cannot be sold or bought by non-tribal people without proper authorization.

Key Concept: Adivasi Rights

b) Tribal lands cannot be sold to non-tribal people under any circumstances

[Solution Description]

The Constitution of India guarantees that land belonging to tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has happened, tribal people have the right to re-possess their land.

Key Concept: 1989 Act

b) To defend the right of Adivasis to occupy their traditional land

[Solution Description]

The 1989 Act is important because it defends the right of Adivasis to occupy land that was traditionally theirs. It confirms what has already been promised in the Constitution, which is that land belonging to tribal people cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where this has happened, the Constitution guarantees the right of tribal people to re-possess their land.

Key Concept: Adivasi Demands and the 1989 Act

b) State governments in India

[Solution Description]

C.K. Janu, an Adivasi activist, has pointed out that state governments in India are the primary violators of the Constitutional rights guaranteed to tribal people. They allow non-tribal encroachers like timber merchants and paper mills to exploit tribal land and forcibly evict tribal people from their traditional forests.

Key Concept: Legal Protection

b) The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993

[Solution Description]

The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act was passed in 1993. This law prohibits the employment of manual scavengers as well as the construction of dry latrines. It was a significant step towards addressing the issue of manual scavenging in India.

Key Concept: Legal Protection

b) The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993

[Solution Description]

The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act was passed in 1993. This law prohibits the employment of manual scavengers as well as the construction of dry latrines.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion correctly defines manual scavenging as the practice of removing waste from dry latrines using specific tools. The reason accurately states that this practice is predominantly carried out by Dalit women and young girls. Both statements are true, and the reason provides a correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Definition of Manual Scavenging

c) The removal of human and animal waste manually from dry latrines

[Solution Description]

Manual scavenging refers to the practice of removing human and animal waste/excreta using brooms, tin plates, and baskets from dry latrines and carrying it on the head to disposal grounds some distance away. This job is mainly done by Dalit women and young girls.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging and Legal Protections

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, was enacted to eradicate manual scavenging. This is true as the act explicitly prohibits the employment of manual scavengers and aims for their rehabilitation. The reason states that manual scavenging violates Fundamental Rights of equality and dignity. This is also true because the practice perpetuates social discrimination and denies equal treatment, which are against Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why the act was enacted, as it seeks to uphold these Fundamental Rights by eliminating the practice.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging and Legal Protections

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, was indeed enacted to eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and to provide rehabilitation for those engaged in this dehumanizing work. The act aims to enforce the Fundamental Rights of equality (Article 14) and prohibition of discrimination (Article 15) as guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. Manual scavenging is a violation of these rights because it perpetuates social discrimination and denies individuals equal opportunities and dignity. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason provides the correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging, Fundamental Rights

b) Right to Equality and Right against Exploitation

[Solution Description]

Manual scavenging violates several Fundamental Rights, including the Right to Equality (Article 14) and the Right against Exploitation (Article 23). The practice discriminates against Dalits, particularly women and young girls, and subjects them to inhumane and exploitative working conditions.

Key Concept: Health Hazards, Legal Framework

b) To acknowledge the persistence of manual scavenging despite existing laws

[Solution Description]

The Supreme Court, in its 2005 ruling, recognized that manual scavenging persisted despite the 1993 law. The court directed government departments to verify the facts within six months and take active steps for the liberation and rehabilitation of manual scavengers if the practice was found to exist.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging Definition

b) Removing waste from dry latrines using tools and carrying it on the head

[Solution Description]

Manual scavenging refers to the practice of removing human and animal waste/excreta using brooms, tin plates, and baskets from dry latrines and carrying it on the head to disposal grounds. This job is mainly done by Dalit women and young girls.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging, Fundamental Rights

c) Right to Equality and Right to Life with Dignity

[Solution Description]

The practice of manual scavenging violates several fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Two key rights that are violated are:

1. **Right to Equality (Article 14)**: Manual scavenging is a form of discrimination based on caste, which goes against the principle of equality before the law.

2. **Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)**: This right includes the right to live with dignity, which is compromised when individuals are forced to work in hazardous and degrading conditions like manual scavenging.

Therefore, the correct answer is related to these two fundamental rights.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging and Legal Protections

c) To enforce the 1993 law and address the continued existence of manual scavenging.

[Solution Description]

The Safai Karamchari Andolan filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in 2003 because manual scavenging continued to exist despite the 1993 law prohibiting it. They complained that this practice persisted even in government undertakings like the railways, violating the Fundamental Rights of manual scavengers.

Key Concept: Manual Scavenging, Legal Protections

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act has effectively eliminated manual scavenging in India. However, this is not entirely true. While the Act aims to prohibit manual scavenging and rehabilitate those involved in it, implementation has been inconsistent. According to reports and data from organizations like the Safai Karamchari Andolan, manual scavenging still persists in various parts of the country, particularly in government undertakings like railways. Thus, the assertion is false. The reason claims that no new cases of manual scavenging have been reported and all existing manual scavengers have been rehabilitated since the enactment of the Act. This is also false because manual scavenging continues to exist, and many manual scavengers have not been rehabilitated. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are false, but since the reason is also false, it does not explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Adivasi Rights, 1989 Act

b) Reclaim their land and punish the encroachers

[Solution Description]

The 1989 Act provides a legal framework to protect Adivasi rights, particularly their land rights. As per the Act, if non-tribal individuals have forcibly encroached upon tribal lands, they should be punished under this law. Additionally, the Act reinforces the constitutional guarantee that tribal lands cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. In cases where such transactions have occurred, the Constitution ensures that tribal people can reclaim their land. Therefore, the primary legal recourse for Adivasis is to seek punishment for the encroachers and reclaim their land.

Key Concept: Adivasi Rights and the 1989 Act

c) The 1989 Act

[Solution Description]

The 1989 Act is mentioned in the syllabus as a legal framework that Adivasi activists refer to for defending their rights to traditionally owned lands. This Act confirms the constitutional promise that tribal land cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people, and it allows Adivasis to reclaim their land if such transactions occur.

Key Concept: Adivasi Protests and Constitutional Rights

b) State governments

[Solution Description]

C.K. Janu highlights that state governments are often the violators of constitutional rights guaranteed to tribal people by allowing non-tribal encroachers like timber merchants and paper mills to exploit tribal land and evict tribal people from their traditional forests.

Key Concept: Adivosi Rights and the 1989 Act

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The 1989 Act was enacted to protect the land rights of tribal people, ensuring that their land cannot be sold to or bought by non-tribal people. This is in line with the Constitutional provisions that guarantee the same protection. The reason provided correctly explains the assertion, as the Act indeed reaffirms the Constitutional promises made to tribal people regarding their land rights.

Key Concept: Forest Rights Act, 2006

d) Right to conserve forests and biodiversity

[Solution Description]

The Forest Rights Act, 2006 recognizes the rights of forest dwellers to homestead, cultivable and grazing land, as well as to non-timber forest produce. It also includes the conservation of forests and biodiversity as part of their rights.

Key Concept: Adivasi Rights and Struggles

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 was indeed enacted to address the historical injustices faced by forest-dwelling populations. The Act specifically recognizes their rights to land and resources, including homestead, cultivable land, grazing land, and non-timber forest produce. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 was indeed enacted to address historical injustices faced by forest dwelling populations. It specifically recognizes their rights to homestead, cultivable and grazing land, and non-timber forest produce. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the purpose of the Act.

Key Concept: Forest Rights Act, 2006

c) To recognise the rights of forest dwellers to land and resources

[Solution Description]

The primary purpose of the 2006 Act is to undo the historical injustices meted out to forest dwelling populations by recognising their rights to land and resources.

Key Concept: Adivasi Demands and the 1989 Act

b) To recognize and restore the rights of forest-dwelling populations

[Solution Description]

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 aims to address historical injustices by recognizing the rights of forest-dwelling populations to land and resources. It specifically acknowledges their rights to homestead, cultivable and grazing land, and non-timber forest produce. Additionally, it emphasizes the conservation of forests and biodiversity as part of these rights.

Key Concept: Adivasi Rights, Legal Framework, Niyamgiri Hills

b) The Forest Rights Act, 2006

[Solution Description]

The Forest Rights Act, 2006, played a significant role in empowering the Dongarria Kondh tribe. This act recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling tribal communities over their traditional lands, enabling them to legally oppose projects that threaten their habitat and culture.

Key Concept: Legal Awareness and Collective Action

b) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

Soyrabai's argument that all humans are born in the same manner and are equally pure aligns with the modern legal principle of the Right to Equality. This principle, enshrined in Article 14 of the Indian Constitution, ensures that no person is discriminated against based on caste or any other social status. It promotes the idea that all individuals are equal in the eyes of the law.

Key Concept: Legal Literacy, Fundamental Rights

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that legal literacy enables marginalized communities to use Fundamental Rights against discrimination. This is true because understanding legal rights helps individuals recognize violations and take appropriate action. The reason states that the Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights to all citizens, including the marginalized, to ensure justice and equality. This is also true, as the Constitution explicitly includes provisions to protect the rights of marginalized groups. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion because the constitutional guarantee of Fundamental Rights is the basis upon which legal literacy becomes effective in combating discrimination.

Key Concept: C.K. Janu's Activism

c) Rehabilitate and compensate the displaced tribals

[Solution Description] C.K. Janu has pointed out that the government must draw up plans and policies to compensate and rehabilitate tribals who have been evicted from their lands, ensuring they have alternative places to live and work.

Key Concept: Public Interest Litigations, Fundamental Rights

c) Right against Exploitation

[Solution Description]

The practice of manual scavenging violates the Right to Equality (Article 14) and the Right against Exploitation (Article 23). The PIL filed by Safai Karamchari Andolan emphasized that manual scavenging is a form of exploitation and discrimination, which directly infringes upon these Fundamental Rights.

Key Concept: Role of Judiciary in Protecting Marginalised Groups

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the reservation policy is a significant step towards promoting social justice for marginalised communities. This is true as the policy aims to address historical inequalities by providing access to education and employment for Dalits and Adivasis. The reason claims that the reservation policy ensures that Dalits and Adivasis, who have historically been denied opportunities, are provided with access to education and employment. This is also true and directly explains why the reservation policy promotes social justice. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

Key Concept: Assertion-Reason

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion is true as the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was indeed enacted to address the systemic violence and discrimination faced by Dalits and tribal groups in India. This is evident from the historical context provided in the syllabus, where it is mentioned that the Act was framed in response to demands made by Dalits and others to take seriously the ill treatment and humiliation they face. The Reason is also true because the Act does prescribe stringent punishment for those who indulge in such atrocities, aiming to ensure the protection of these marginalized groups. However, the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion. The Assertion focuses on the purpose of the Act, which is to address systemic violence and discrimination, while the Reason focuses on the mechanism (stringent punishment) provided by the Act. Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Reservation Policy

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the reservation policy is a direct implementation of Article 15 of the Constitution. Article 15 indeed prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste, race, religion, sex, or place of birth, which aligns with the purpose of the reservation policy. The reason explains that the reservation policy aims to provide equal opportunities to historically marginalized communities by ensuring their representation in education and employment. This is also true as the policy is designed to address historical inequities and promote social justice. However, the reason does not directly explain why the reservation policy is a "direct implementation" of Article 15. While Article 15 supports the policy, it is not the sole basis for its creation. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.