Key Concept: Assertion-Reason

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

In football, the constitutive rules specify that the ball must be played primarily with the feet, and touching the ball with the hand or arm (except for the goalkeeper) is considered a foul. This rule ensures that the essence of the game, which is to use the feet, is maintained. Therefore, the Assertion is true as per the rules of football. The Reason is also true because the rule about not using hands is indeed designed to prioritize the use of feet in the game. Moreover, the Reason correctly explains why the Assertion is true, as the rule exists specifically to maintain the nature of the game.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Constitutional Safeguards

c) Through provisions in the Fundamental Rights section

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution provides safeguards against the misuse of authority by political leaders through various provisions, particularly those related to Fundamental Rights. These rights ensure that no citizen can be discriminated against on grounds such as religion, race, caste, gender, and place of birth.

Key Concept: Secularism

b) The state does not promote any religion

[Solution Description]

A secular state implies that the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion. This ensures equality and freedom of religion for all citizens.

Key Concept: Definition of a Constitution

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that a Constitution lays out ideals for the kind of country citizens aspire to live in, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason states that the Constitution serves as a set of rules and principles agreed upon by all persons in a country for governance, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why the Constitution lays out these ideals, as it is through these rules and principles that the fundamental nature of society is established. Therefore, both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Indian Constitution, Constituent Assembly, Constitutive Rules

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description] The Assertion states that the Indian Constitution was drafted by a single individual, which is false. The Constitution was drafted by a group of around 300 members of the Constituent Assembly, who worked collectively over three years. The Reason correctly states that the Constituent Assembly consisted of around 300 members who collaborated to draft the Constitution. Therefore, the Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly

c) A group of around 300 members of the Constituent Assembly

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution was drafted by a group of around 300 members who formed the Constituent Assembly. This assembly met periodically between December 1946 and November 1949 to write India’s Constitution. Their efforts were guided by the ideals of democracy and equality, shaped by the freedom struggle against British rule.

Key Concept: Rules in Football

b) It is considered a foul

[Solution Description]

According to the rules of football, if a player (other than the goalkeeper) touches the ball with their arm, it is considered a foul. This is one of the constitutive rules that define the game.

Key Concept: Role of Constitution

c) To provide guidelines for responsible governance

[Solution Description]

In a democratic society, the Constitution lays down important guidelines for governance and decision-making. It ensures that leaders exercise their power responsibly and prevents misuse of authority. This helps in maintaining justice, equality, and protection of citizens' rights.

Key Concept: Key Purposes of a Constitution

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that a Constitution protects citizens from harmful decisions, which aligns with one of the key purposes of a Constitution as mentioned in the syllabus. The reason explains that the Constitution ensures that provisions protecting citizens' rights and freedoms are not easily overthrown. This directly supports the assertion, as preventing such an overthrow inherently protects citizens from harmful decisions. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Purpose of Constitution

c) To lay out the ideals and principles for governance

[Solution Description]

The primary purpose of a Constitution is to lay out certain ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that citizens aspire to live in. It serves as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon for governance, including the type of government and the ideals the country should uphold.

Key Concept: Democratic Aspirations

c) By promoting democracy, equality, and justice through governance

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which ensured that it reflected the democratic aspirations of the people. It establishes a framework for governance that promotes democracy, equality, and justice, ensuring that the government functions accountably.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers

c) By dividing powers among different branches of government

[Solution Description]

The separation of powers divides the government into three organs: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. Each organ acts as a check on the others, ensuring a balance of power and preventing any single branch from becoming too powerful or misusing its authority.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights and Minority Protection

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Constitution of India includes Fundamental Rights, which are designed to protect individuals and groups from the arbitrary exercise of power by the State and other individuals. These rights also aim to safeguard the interests of minorities against potential domination by the majority. The Reason correctly explains the Assertion because the purpose of Fundamental Rights is indeed to prevent the majority from imposing its will on minorities, ensuring fairness and equality. Thus, both the Assertion and the Reason are true, and the Reason accurately explains the Assertion.

Key Concept: Misuse of Authority

c) By providing safeguards against misuse of power

By allowing unlimited power to leaders

Key Concept: Political System, Constitutional Purpose

c) It vested executive power in the Council of Ministers

[Solution Description]

The 1990 Constitution of Nepal vested executive power in the King and the Council of Ministers, reflecting the monarchical system. However, the 2015 Constitution, adopted after the establishment of democracy, vested executive power solely in the Council of Ministers, reflecting Nepal's shift from a monarchy to a democratic political system.

Key Concept: Constitution, Democracy, Political system

c) It reflected the authority of the King and not democratic ideals

[Solution Description]

The previous Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 1990, was designed under a monarchical system where the final authority rested with the King. After the 2006 movement, the people aimed to establish a democratic system where sovereignty lies with the people. The old Constitution did not reflect these democratic ideals, necessitating the creation of a new Constitution that aligned with the people’s aspirations for democracy.

Key Concept: Democratic values in Constitution

b) To reflect the democratic values the people fought for

[Solution Description]

Nepal transitioned from a monarchy to a democracy in 2006 after a prolonged people's movement. The previous Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 1990, vested final authority in the King, which was inconsistent with the democratic ideals that the people fought for. To reflect the values of accountability, equality, and democracy, a new Constitution was necessary. This new Constitution, adopted in 2015, ensures that the government is accountable to the people rather than a monarch.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the members of the Constituent Assembly faced significant challenges due to India's diverse communities and socio-economic conditions, which is true as the country was divided into various linguistic, religious, and cultural groups. Additionally, the socio-economic condition of the majority of the population was poor at the time. The reason mentions that the partition of India and the undecided status of some Princely States added to the complexity of the task, which is also true. The partition led to widespread displacement and communal violence, while the undecided status of Princely States created uncertainty about India's territorial integrity. However, the reason does not directly explain the assertion, as the assertion focuses on diversity and socio-economic conditions, while the reason highlights specific political events. Therefore, both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Historical Context, Nepal's Democratic Movement

b) A constitution must reflect the ideals and aspirations of its people

[Solution Description]

Nepal’s transition from monarchy to democracy highlights the importance of a constitution in reflecting the ideals and aspirations of its people. The previous constitution, which vested ultimate authority in the King, did not align with the democratic ideals fought for by the people. The new constitution, adopted in 2015, established Nepal as a democratic republic, ensuring that the governance structures were aligned with the people’s vision for a democratic society.

Key Concept: Demand for a Constitution during the freedom struggle

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion states that the Indian National Congress demanded a Constituent Assembly in 1934, which is historically accurate as the INC indeed made this demand during that period. The Reason explains that this demand was driven by the need to establish a democratic government where everyone could participate equally. This reason is also true, as the freedom struggle aimed at creating a democratic system post-independence. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why the assertion was made, as the ultimate goal of demanding a Constituent Assembly was to draft a constitution for a democratic India. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.

Key Concept: Challenges during Constitution Drafting

b) Imminent partition of the country into India and Pakistan

[Solution Description] While drafting the Constitution, the members of the Constituent Assembly faced several challenges, including the imminent partition of the country into India and Pakistan, the undecided future of some Princely States, and the dismal socio-economic conditions of the people.

Key Concept: Key Members of the Constituent Assembly

c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

[Solution Description]

Dr. Rajendra Prasad served as the President of the Constituent Assembly during the drafting of the Indian Constitution. He played a pivotal role in guiding the assembly through the process of creating a visionary document for India.

Key Concept: Challenges faced by Constituent Assembly, Diversity in India

b) Socio-economic disparity

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly faced significant challenges in managing the diversity of languages, religions, and cultures within India. However, the greatest challenge was the socio-economic disparity among the vast population, which affected the implementation of equitable constitutional provisions. Additionally, the imminent partition of India and Pakistan added to the complexity, requiring careful consideration to maintain national unity while addressing diverse needs.

Key Concept: Consensus-building in the Constituent Assembly, Vision for the Constitution

b) To maintain diversity while preserving national unity

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly aimed to create a document that maintained diversity while preserving national unity. They also focused on eradicating poverty through socio-economic reforms and emphasized the crucial role of the people in choosing their representatives.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly Composition

c) 300

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly of India, which was responsible for drafting the Indian Constitution, comprised around 300 members representing diverse regions and communities. These members were elected by the provincial assemblies and represented various sections of society to ensure a democratic and inclusive process.

Key Concept: Constitutive Rules, Democratic Societies

c) To define ideals and protect democratic values

[Solution Description]

A constitution serves as the foundational framework for governance in democratic societies. It lays down the ideals, principles, and rules that guide the functioning of the government and protect the rights of citizens. In India, the Constitution ensures that the government operates according to the will of the people and upholds democratic values such as equality, liberty, and justice. It provides a legal structure that prevents arbitrary exercise of power and safeguards individual freedoms.

Key Concept: Role of Dr Ambedkar

d) Dr B.R. Ambedkar

[Solution Description]

Dr B.R. Ambedkar is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution due to his significant role in drafting the Constitution and ensuring safeguards for Scheduled Castes.

Key Concept: Key Personalities

d) Dr Rajendra Prasad

[Solution Description]

Dr Rajendra Prasad presided over the Constituent Assembly as its President during the final session on 24 January 1950 when the Constitution was signed.

Key Concept: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Father of the Indian Constitution

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that Dr. B.R. Ambedkar believed his participation in the Constituent Assembly helped Scheduled Castes secure safeguards in the draft constitution. This is true as he actively worked towards ensuring constitutional protections for marginalized communities. The reason given is that he urged Scheduled Castes to join the government and civil services because he feared that caste Hindu officers might not administer laws fairly. This is also true, as Dr. Ambedkar was concerned about the impartiality of law enforcement by caste Hindu officers. However, the reason does not directly explain why his participation led to safeguards in the constitution; it explains a separate concern about administration. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Jawaharlal Nehru's role, Constituent Assembly

c) He shaped the vision of a modern, democratic, and secular India

[Solution Description] Jawaharlal Nehru, as the Prime Minister, played a pivotal role in the drafting of the Indian Constitution. He was instrumental in shaping the vision of a modern, democratic, and secular India. His leadership ensured that the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity were enshrined in the Constitution. Nehru also played a key role in addressing the diverse needs of the nation during the Constituent Assembly debates.

Key Concept: Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

b) Advocate for national integration

[Solution Description]

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a crucial role in advocating for national integration and unity among the members of the Constituent Assembly. His efforts were instrumental in reaching consensus on various provisions of the Indian Constitution.

Key Concept: Unity in Constituent Assembly

c) Extraordinary sense of unity

[Solution Description]

The working environment of the Constituent Assembly was marked by an extraordinary sense of unity. Members worked together with a shared goal of creating a constitution that would serve the diverse needs of the nation.

Key Concept: Dr. Rajendra Prasad: President of the Constituent Assembly

c) 1946-1950

[Solution Description]

Dr. Rajendra Prasad served as the President of the Constituent Assembly from December 1946 to January 1950. He played a significant role in guiding the discussions and ensuring consensus among the members during the drafting of the Indian Constitution.

Key Concept: Demand for Constituent Assembly

c) Indian National Congress

[Solution Description]

The Indian National Congress made the demand for a Constituent Assembly in 1934, which later led to its formation in December 1946.

Key Concept: Democratic Principles, Secularism

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution ensures that no single religion is promoted as the state religion, which is true. The reason explains that secularism in India means that the state treats all religions equally and does not favor any particular religion, which is also true. Moreover, the reason correctly explains the assertion because the principle of secularism in the Indian Constitution is designed to ensure equality among all religions without favoring any one in particular. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties

a) A citizen demands equal pay for equal work under the Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

Dr. Ambedkar emphasized that Fundamental Rights serve two purposes: they allow every citizen to claim their rights and ensure that these rights are binding on all authorities with the power to make laws. This means that Fundamental Rights protect individuals from both state and private entities, ensuring their freedoms are upheld. For example, if a citizen faces discrimination based on caste, they can invoke their Fundamental Right to Equality to seek justice, and this right must be respected by both the government and other individuals.

Key Concept: Federalism, Panchayati Raj

d) They empower local communities to manage their own affairs through decentralized governance.

[Solution Description]

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) represent the third tier of government in India, below the central and state levels. They play a crucial role in decentralizing governance by empowering local communities to manage their own affairs. PRIs are responsible for local development activities, implementation of welfare schemes, and addressing community-specific issues. This decentralization strengthens democracy by ensuring participation at the grassroots level and complements the federal structure of India by adding another layer of governance.

Key Concept: Federalism

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the Constitution of India provides for a federal system of government. This is true because India has multiple levels of government, including the central, state, and local governments, which is a characteristic of federalism. The reason states that in a federal system, the states derive their authority from the Constitution and are not merely agents of the central government. This is also true as per the Indian Constitution, which grants autonomy to states in certain matters while ensuring they follow central laws on national issues. The reason correctly explains why India's system is federal, as it highlights the constitutional basis of state authority. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Central Government, Executive, Legislature

c) Implementing Laws

[Solution Description]

The Executive organ of the Central Government is responsible for implementing laws and running the government. This includes executing policies, managing administration, and ensuring the enforcement of laws made by the Legislature.

Key Concept: Central Government

b) Parliament

[Solution Description]

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body in the country, responsible for making laws. It consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

Key Concept: Authority of States

c) Constitution of India

[Solution Description] State governments in India derive their authority from the Indian Constitution, not merely as agents of the central government.

Key Concept: Federalism, State Autonomy, Constitutional Lists

d) States draw their authority from the Constitution and can legislate on specific subjects.

[Solution Description] The Constitution of India grants autonomy to the states in certain areas, allowing them to make decisions independently. This autonomy ensures that states are not just extensions of the central government but have their own authority derived directly from the Constitution. The state governments can legislate on matters listed in the State List and Concurrent List, while the central government legislates on matters in the Union List. This division of powers ensures a balance between state autonomy and national unity.

Key Concept: State vs Government

b) State includes more than just the government

[Solution Description]

In the context of the Indian Constitution, the term 'State' refers to a political institution representing a sovereign people occupying a definite territory. It includes more than just the government and cannot be used interchangeably with it. The government, on the other hand, is responsible for administering and enforcing laws and can change with elections.

Key Concept: Parliamentary Form of Government, Accountability

c) Because they are elected by the people and must act in their interest.

[Solution Description]

In the parliamentary form of government, representatives are elected by the people through universal adult suffrage. These representatives are accountable to the people because they derive their authority from the electorate and must act in the public interest to secure re-election.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly

b) It was a group of about 300 people who drafted the constitution

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly, consisting of around 300 members, met periodically from 1946 to 1949 to draft the Indian Constitution. They discussed each provision in detail, aimed for consensus, and ensured the principles of democracy and equality were incorporated into the constitution.

Key Concept: Parliamentary Form of Government, Universal Adult Franchise

c) By ensuring that the government is accountable to the people.

[Solution Description]

The parliamentary form of government, coupled with universal adult franchise, ensures that representatives are chosen by the people themselves. This strengthens democracy by making the government accountable to the citizens. Every individual above the age of 18 has the right to vote, which means that the government reflects the collective will of the people. This system promotes transparency, accountability, and the active participation of citizens in the democratic process.

Key Concept: Local Governance

c) Facilitating urban local self-governance

[Solution Description]

The main purpose of Municipalities in India is to facilitate urban local self-governance. They are responsible for providing essential services such as water supply, sewage, urban planning, and public health in urban areas.

Key Concept: Panchayati Raj

c) Five years

[Solution Description]

According to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, the tenure of a Gram Panchayat is five years. However, it can be dissolved earlier under certain conditions, and fresh elections must be held within six months of dissolution.

Key Concept: Democratic Participation

c) Equal participation for all citizens in governance

[Solution Description]

One of the key ideals of the Indian Constitution is equal participation in democracy, where everyone is treated equally and allowed to participate in the government. This ensures that all citizens have a voice in the decision-making process.

Key Concept: Constituent Assembly

c) To promote equality and democracy by allowing all adults to vote

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly adopted the principle of universal adult franchise because they had faith in the common man and believed in the success of democratic rule. They thought that introducing democratic government based on adult suffrage would bring enlightenment and improve the well-being, standard of living, comfort, and decent living of the common man.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

c) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality is one of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This right ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on the grounds of religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. It is a crucial provision that promotes equality and prohibits discrimination.

Key Concept: Universal Adult Suffrage

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description] The assertion states that the Indian Constitution guarantees universal adult suffrage for all citizens, which is a true statement as it is one of the key features of the Indian Constitution. The reason explains that universal adult suffrage ensures that every citizen has the right to vote, which promotes equality and democratic governance. This is also true and correctly explains why universal adult suffrage is important in a democracy. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Parliamentary Form of Government

c) To ensure accountability of representatives to the people.

[Solution Description]

The Constituent Assembly adopted the parliamentary form of government to ensure that the representatives elected by the people are accountable to them. This system fosters democratic functioning by allowing citizens to participate in governance through elected representatives, promoting transparency and responsiveness.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

b) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality, one of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth.

Key Concept: Federalism

c) To ensure that decisions can be made at both the central and state levels.

[Solution Description]

The primary reason for having a federal system of government in India is to ensure that decisions can be made at both the central and state levels, allowing for autonomy in addressing local issues while maintaining national unity on matters of common concern.

Key Concept: Parliamentary Form of Government

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Constitution of India provides for universal adult suffrage to ensure equality in voting rights. This is true as the Constitution guarantees all citizens the right to vote regardless of their social background. The reason explains that universal adult suffrage was introduced to dismantle traditional hierarchies based on caste, class, and gender. This is also true as the Constituent Assembly believed that this would foster a democratic mindset. However, while both statements are true, the reason does not directly explain why universal adult suffrage ensures equality in the democratic process. It focuses more on breaking societal hierarchies rather than explaining the mechanism of ensuring equal participation in governance.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers

a) Legislature

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution divides the government into three organs: the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. These organs ensure a balance of power by acting as checks on each other.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers

c) Interpreting laws

[Solution Description]

The judiciary's role in the separation of powers is to interpret laws and ensure that they are applied justly. It acts as a check on the legislature and executive to prevent misuse of power.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers, Parliamentary Form of Government

b) Judicial review by the Supreme Court

[Solution Description]

The separation of powers ensures that each organ of government checks the others. In this case, the judiciary has the power to review laws passed by the legislature to ensure they do not violate the Constitution, including fundamental rights. This is part of the system of checks and balances.

Key Concept: Structure of Parliament

a) Lok Sabha

[Solution Description]

The Lok Sabha, also known as the House of the People, is directly elected by the people of India. The Rajya Sabha, on the other hand, consists of members elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies.

Key Concept: Executive Accountability

c) System of checks and balances between the legislature and executive

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution ensures accountability of the executive branch to the legislature through various provisions. The executive, consisting of the President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers, is responsible for implementing laws. However, the legislature, composed of elected representatives, has the authority to oversee the actions of the executive. This oversight ensures that the executive does not misuse its power and acts in the best interests of the people. Therefore, the correct mechanism is the system of checks and balances, where the legislature can hold the executive accountable.

Key Concept: Separation of Powers

d) Media

[Solution Description] The three organs of government as per the Indian Constitution are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. These organs ensure a system of checks and balances to prevent the misuse of power.

Key Concept: Checks and Balances

b) Reviewing and declaring executive actions unconstitutional if necessary

[Solution Description] The judiciary plays a crucial role in checking the powers of the executive by ensuring that all actions taken by the executive are in accordance with the Constitution. It has the authority to review executive decisions and declare them unconstitutional if they violate constitutional provisions.

Key Concept: Protection of Minorities

c) It guarantees that minorities’ wishes are heard and considered.

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution contains rules that ensure minorities are not excluded from decisions or opportunities available to the majority. It safeguards their rights and prevents domination by the majority. Therefore, the Constitution protects minority rights by ensuring inclusion and fairness.

Key Concept: Right to Equality

b) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of sex. Denying promotion based on gender violates this right.

Key Concept: Right to Equality

c) Every person has access to all public places

[Solution Description] The Right to Equality guarantees that every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops, etc., without any discrimination based on religion, caste, or sex.

Key Concept: Right to Equality and Employment

c) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Right to Equality ensures that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of their sex. Denying promotion to an officer solely because she is a woman is a clear violation of this right.

Key Concept: Untouchability, Legal Abolition

c) article 17, Abolition of Untouchability

[Solution Description] The practice of untouchability is abolished under Article 17 of the Indian Constitution. This provision ensures that no person can be discriminated against or denied access to public resources based on caste. It is a significant step toward social equality and justice.

Key Concept: Right to Equality

d) Denial of entry to public places based on caste.

[Solution Description]

The abolition of untouchability ensures that no individual is denied access to public places, including playgrounds, hotels, and shops, and prohibits discrimination in matters of employment. However, there are exceptions in specific cases, such as reservations in educational institutions and government jobs, which are aimed at promoting social justice and equality.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom

d) Right to Form Associations

[Solution Description] The Right to Freedom includes the right to form associations. Denying permission to establish a cultural association violates this right, as it restricts the ability of individuals to come together for a common purpose.

Key Concept: Indian Constitution

c) Part III

[Solution Description]

The right to freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed under the Right to Freedom in Part III of the Indian Constitution.

Key Concept: Right to Assemble Peacefully

d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

[Solution Description] The Assertion claims that the right to assemble peacefully is an absolute right under the Indian Constitution. However, this is false because the Constitution itself allows for reasonable restrictions on this right in the interest of public order, sovereignty, and integrity of the country. The Reason correctly states that the State can impose such restrictions, which is true as per Article 19(3) of the Indian Constitution. Therefore, while the Reason is true, the Assertion is false.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom

c) Right to Move Freely within India

[Solution Description]

The Right to Freedom includes the right to move freely and reside in any part of the country. This right ensures that no citizen can be restricted from moving or residing in any part of India. Prohibiting citizens from other states from entering for employment purposes directly violates this right, as it restricts their freedom to move freely within the country.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom

b) It must be in the interest of the general public

[Solution Description]

The right to choose a profession or occupation under Article 19(1)(g) is not absolute. It is subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by the state in the interest of the general public. These restrictions must be just and fair.

Key Concept: Right Against Exploitation, Fundamental Rights

c) Right against Exploitation

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution, under Article 24, prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories, mines, or any other hazardous employment. Employing a 12-year-old in hazardous conditions directly violates the Right against Exploitation.

Key Concept: Right against Exploitation

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution, under Article 24, explicitly prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in any factory or hazardous employment. This is part of the Right against Exploitation. The assertion states that employing a 13-year-old in a carpet factory violates the Constitution, which is true because it directly contravenes Article 24. The reason given is also correct as it accurately reflects the constitutional provision that prevents the employment of children under 14 years of age. Moreover, the reason correctly explains why the assertion is true, as the violation is based on this specific constitutional prohibition. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Key Concept: Right against Exploitation

b) Right against Exploitation

[Solution Description]

The Right against Exploitation in the Indian Constitution prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any form of labor. Therefore, a 10-year-old child working in a tea stall would violate this Fundamental Right.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom of Religion, Fundamental Rights

c) Right to Freedom of Religion

[Solution Description]

The Right to Freedom of Religion guarantees every citizen the right to practice, profess, and propagate their religion. This includes the right to establish and maintain places of worship. A law prohibiting the construction of new places of worship directly infringes upon this fundamental right, as it restricts the ability of individuals and communities to practice their religion freely.

Key Concept: Indian Secularism

d) The State maintains separation but can intervene based on constitutional principles.

[Solution Description] The concept of "principled distance" in Indian secularism refers to the idea that the State maintains a separation from religion but can intervene in religious matters based on constitutional ideals. This intervention is aimed at promoting equality and freedom within and between religions, such as banning untouchability or assisting religious minorities.

Key Concept: Cultural and Educational Rights

b) Freedom to establish educational institutions

[Solution Description] The key feature of the Cultural and Educational Rights is that they allow minority communities to establish and administer their own educational institutions. This ensures that they can preserve and promote their unique cultural heritage. Thus, the correct answer is the option that mentions the freedom to establish educational institutions.

Key Concept: Cultural and Educational Rights

c) To protect cultural identity of minorities

[Solution Description]

The Cultural and Educational Rights in the Indian Constitution aim to protect the cultural identity of minorities by allowing them to establish and administer their own educational institutions. This ensures that minority communities can preserve and develop their unique cultures.

Key Concept: Cultural and Educational Rights

c) To preserve and develop minority culture and language

[Solution Description]

The primary objective of granting cultural and educational rights to minorities in India is to enable them to preserve and develop their unique culture and language. These rights ensure that minorities can establish and manage their own educational institutions, fostering their cultural identity.

Key Concept: Right to Constitutional Remedies

d) Article 32

[Solution Description]

The Right to Constitutional Remedies is enshrined under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution. This article allows citizens to move the Supreme Court directly if they believe any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated by the State. Therefore, the correct article under which the citizen can approach the court is Article 32.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Right to Constitutional Remedies

c) It enables citizens to directly approach the Supreme Court for enforcing Fundamental Rights.

[Solution Description] The Right to Constitutional Remedies is significant because it enables citizens to seek judicial remedies if their Fundamental Rights are violated. This right empowers the judiciary to act as the guardian of the Constitution, ensuring that the other Fundamental Rights are not mere declarations but enforceable entitlements.

Key Concept: Directive Principles of State Policy

c) To promote social and economic reforms

[Solution Description] The Directive Principles of State Policy are designed to guide the government in making laws and policies that aim to reduce poverty and ensure social and economic reforms. They serve as a framework for achieving a just and equitable society.

Key Concept: Social Justice

c) To minimize inequalities in income and opportunities

[Solution Description]

The Directive Principles of State Policy aim to minimize inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities, and opportunities among individuals and groups. This reflects the commitment to social justice and equal opportunities.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Assertion is true because the Right to Equality, as provided in the Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution, explicitly states that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, caste, or sex. The Reason is also true because one of the key objectives of the Indian Constitution is to reduce inequalities and promote the welfare of all its citizens. However, the Reason does not directly explain the Assertion, as the aim to reduce inequalities and promote welfare is a broader objective of the Constitution, while the Assertion specifically refers to the Right to Equality.

Key Concept: Secularism

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution indeed promotes secularism, which ensures equality between religions and prevents any one religion from dominating others. This is achieved by maintaining a separation between religion and the state. Additionally, Indian secularism allows for state intervention in religious matters to reform practices that promote inequality, such as untouchability or child marriage. Therefore, both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the Reason correctly explains why the Indian Constitution promotes secularism.

Key Concept: Secularism, Principled Distance

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution permits the State to intervene in religious practices to abolish social evils like untouchability and child marriage. This is true as the Indian secular State has the authority to reform religions to promote equality and freedom within and between religions. The reason explains that this intervention is based on the concept of 'principled distance', where the State's interference in religion is guided by constitutional ideals. Since both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion, the correct answer is option (a).

Key Concept: Principled Distance

c) The state's intervention in religion is based on constitutional ideals

[Solution Description] 'Principled distance' refers to the idea that any interference in religion by the State has to be based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution. This means the State maintains a separation from religion while also intervening in religious practices to promote equality and reform.

Key Concept: Right to Freedom of Religion, Indian Secularism

c) The State maintains separation from religion but intervenes based on constitutional ideals to achieve religious equality.

[Solution Description]

The principle of 'principled distance' in Indian secularism refers to the State's ability to maintain a separation from religion while also intervening in religious matters when necessary. This intervention is based on the ideals laid out in the Constitution and aims to achieve religious equality both between and within religions. It includes actions like banning practices such as untouchability or providing assistance to religious minorities.

Key Concept: Separation of Religion and State, Indian Secularism

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution allows the State to intervene in religious practices to abolish untouchability, which is true. This is supported by the constitutional provisions aimed at eradicating social evils like untouchability. The reason states that the principle of secularism in India mandates the State to maintain a separation from religion while also intervening to promote equality within religions, which is also true. The concept of 'principled distance' allows the State to interfere in religious matters to uphold constitutional ideals such as equality and justice. The reason correctly explains why the State intervenes in religious practices to abolish untouchability, as it aligns with the broader goal of promoting intra-religious equality.

Key Concept: The Constitution as a Living Document, Amendments, Basic Structure

b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Indian Constitution is called a "living document" because it can be easily amended to reflect the changing needs of society. This is true as the Constitution has mechanisms like amendments to evolve with societal changes. However, the reason given is that amendments require a significant consensus among lawmakers to ensure that its basic structure and principles are preserved. While this is also true, it does not directly explain why the Constitution is called a "living document." The term "living document" primarily emphasizes adaptability, not the difficulty or consensus required for amendments. Therefore, while both statements are true, the reason does not correctly explain the assertion.

Key Concept: Adaptability and Amendments

c) To allow for necessary changes and reforms

[Solution Description]

The amendment process in the Indian Constitution is designed to allow for necessary changes and reforms. This process ensures that the Constitution can adapt to new challenges and opportunities while maintaining its core principles of democracy, justice, and equality. The ability to amend the Constitution is crucial for addressing evolving societal norms, economic conditions, and political landscapes, making it a vital aspect of the Constitution's adaptability.

Key Concept: Secularism

b) Equal treatment of all religions by the state

[Solution Description] Secularism in the Indian Constitution means that the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion and treats all religions equally.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

c) Cultural and Educational Rights

[Solution Description]

Cultural and Educational Rights allow minorities to set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their culture. Denying permission to open a Telugu-medium school violates this right.

Key Concept: Misuse of Authority

b) Misuse of authority by political leaders

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution safeguards against the misuse of authority by political leaders. In a democracy, leaders are elected to exercise power responsibly on behalf of the people, but there is always the possibility that these leaders might misuse their authority. The Constitution provides safeguards against this misuse to prevent gross injustice.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights

b) Right to Equality

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Equality under Fundamental Rights. This right ensures that no citizen is discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender, and place of birth. It is one of the key provisions to protect citizens from unfair treatment and promote equality.

Key Concept: Fundamental Rights, Executive Accountability

d) By providing mechanisms like parliamentary oversight

[Solution Description]

The Indian Constitution includes provisions to limit and control the actions of the executive branch to prevent it from becoming too powerful or ignoring its responsibility to the legislature. These provisions include mechanisms such as parliamentary oversight, where the executive must report to and seek approval from the legislature for major decisions. Additionally, Fundamental Rights protect citizens from arbitrary actions by the executive. For example, the Right to Equality ensures that the executive cannot discriminate against any citizen based on religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth. These measures ensure accountability and stability in governance.

Key Concept: Judiciary: Interprets Laws

a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

[Solution Description]

The assertion states that the Supreme Court has the power to interpret the Constitution of India, which is true as per the syllabus. The reason given is that the Supreme Court ensures that all laws and government actions are in accordance with the Constitution, which is also true. Furthermore, the reason correctly explains the assertion because the Supreme Court's power to interpret the Constitution is directly linked to its role in ensuring that laws and actions conform to it. Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.